四川盆地中二叠统茅口组构造-岩相古地理特征及有利储集区带分布<sup>*</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.082

古地理学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (4): 1044-1063. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.082

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组构造-岩相古地理特征及有利储集区带分布^*

文龙¹(), 罗冰¹, 杨文杰²^,³, 陈骁¹, 张本健¹, 许强², 李明隆², 肖笛², 乔占峰⁴, 谭秀成²()

1 中国石油西南油气田公司,四川成都 610051
2 中国石油集团碳酸盐岩储层重点实验室西南石油大学研究分室,四川成都 610500
3 中国石化勘探分公司,四川成都 610041
4 中国石油杭州地质研究院,浙江杭州 310023

收稿日期:2025-02-14 修回日期:2025-03-15 出版日期:2025-08-01 发布日期:2025-07-30
通讯作者: 谭秀成,男,1970年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事碳酸盐岩沉积学与储层地质学研究。E-mail: tanxiucheng70@163.com。
作者简介:
文龙,男,1977年生,博士,高级工程师,主要从事天然气勘探地质综合研究及管理工作。E-mail: wenlong@petroChina.com.cn。
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金与中石油联合基金重点项目(U23B20154); 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42172166); 中国石油—西南石油大学创新联合体科技合作项目(2020CX010000)

Tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeographic characteristics and distribution of favorable reservoir zones of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin,China

WEN Long¹(), LUO Bing¹, YANG Wenjie²^,³, CHEN Xiao¹, ZHANG Benjian¹, XU Qiang², LI Minglong², XIAO Di², QIAO Zhanfeng⁴, TAN Xiucheng²()

1 PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company,Chengdu 610051,China
2 CNPC Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs Southwest Petroleum University Division,Chengdu 610500,China
3 SINOPEC Exploration Company,Chengdu 610041,China
4 Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China

Received:2025-02-14 Revised:2025-03-15 Online:2025-08-01 Published:2025-07-30
Contact: TAN Xiucheng,born in 1970,is a professor and Ph.D. advisor of Southwest Petroleum University. He is mainly engaged in researches on carbonate sedimentology and reservoir geology. E⁃mail: tanxiucheng70@163.com.
About author:
WEN Long,born in 1977, holds a Ph.D. degree and is a senior engineer. He is mainly engaged in comprehensive geological research and management of natural gas exploration. E-mail: wenlong@petroChina.com.cn.
Supported by:
Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the CNPC Joint Fund(U23B20154); General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172166); Science and Technology Cooperation Project of the CNPC-Southwest Petroleum University Innovation Consortium(2020CX010000)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中二叠世是四川盆地重要的构造转换期,因该时期多种构造共同作用,造成茅口组岩相古地理特征尚不明确,从而制约了有利储集相带预测。本研究通过对露头、钻井及地震资料的分析,厘清四川盆地茅口组沉积相类型,重建其构造-岩相古地理格局及演化过程。研究表明: (1)四川盆地茅口组主要发育8种岩石微相和9类典型微相组合序列,结合古生物、沉积构造等相标志,识别出碳酸盐岩缓坡和镶边碳酸盐岩台地2种沉积体系; (2)茅口组沉积时期主要分为3个构造-沉积演化阶段: (i)海西早期继承性古隆起发育期(SQ1-SQ2),四川盆地具有“西南高、东北低”的缓坡地貌格局,发育稳定的碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积环境,围绕川西南古隆起发育多带迁移性薄滩体; (ii)川北持续伸展期(SQ3-SQ5),勉略洋向北俯冲形成3期后撤式多级坡折带,导致川北地区逐级沉降为深水盆地,四川盆地出现显著的台-盆分异格局,沉积体系开始向镶边碳酸盐岩台地转变; (iii)地幔柱隆升-拉张期(SQ6),扬子西南缘峨眉山地幔柱隆升产生的远端拉张作用导致川西南坳陷带形成,这进一步加剧了四川盆地南部台地的分异,造成川西南地区向台内洼地演变; (3)茅口组孔洞型白云岩储集层和岩溶孔隙型灰岩储集层的分布均受古地貌和高能滩相控制,台缘滩和台内滩是茅口组储集层发育有利区带,其中后撤式多级坡折带控制的多期台缘滩带、环海西早期继承性古隆起的带状滩体、伸展背景下平行带状展布的台内滩带是茅口组滩相储集层的有利发育区。该研究重建了茅口组等时层序格架下的构造-岩相古地理格局,揭示有利储集相带分布规律,为茅口组油气规模发现提供方向。

关键词: 构造-岩相古地理, 沉积演化, 有利储集区, 茅口组, 二叠系, 四川盆地

Abstract:

The Middle Permian represents a crucial phase of structural transformation in the Sichuan Basin. Under the cumulative effects of various structural activities,the lithofacies palaeogeographic attributes of the Maokou Formation remain ambiguous,thereby hindering the prediction of favorable reservoir facies belts. By analyzing outcrop,drilling and seismic data,the sedimentary facies types of the Maokou Formation in the Sichuan Basin are clarified and the tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeographic pattern along with its evolution process are reconstructed. The results show that: (1)Eight types of rock microfacies and nine typical microfacies assemblage sequences have been identified in the Maokou Formation. Two sedimentary systems,specifically carbonate gentle slopes and marginal carbonate platforms,have been distinguished by integrating palaeontological and sedimentary tectonic markers. (2)The Maokou Formation underwent three stages of tectono-sedimentary evolution: the early Hercynian inheritable palaeouplift controlled the “southwest high and northeast low” landform pattern of the early Maokou(SQ1-SQ2),leading to the development of a stable carbonate gentle slope sedimentary environment,and the formation of a multi-zone migration thin beach body around the southwest Sichuan palaeouplift. Continuous extension in northern Sichuan resulted in the formation of a recessional multistage slope break zone,which led to significant platform-to-basin differentiation in the northern and southern parts of the basin,thereby directly controlling sedimentary differentiation during the middle and late Maokou(SQ3-SQ5). The sedimentary system transitioned into a marginal carbonate platform,with sedimentary facies zones exhibiting distinct northeast zoning characteristics. The uplift and stretching of the Emei plume led to the development of the southwest Sichuan depression belt,further intensifying the differentiation of the late Maokou(SQ6)platform,and causing the southwest Sichuan region to evolve into an inner depression. (3)The distribution of cavern dolomite reservoirs and karst pore limestone reservoirs in the Maokou Formation is controlled by sedimentary palaeogeomorphology and high-energy beach facies. The platform edge beach and inner beach facies represent favorable zones for reservoir development within the Maokou Formation. Key regions for the development of beach facies reservoirs include the platform margin beach zone in the Maokou Formation controlled by the retreating multistage slope break zone;the belt beach body surrounding the early inheriting paleo-uplift in the western rim;and the inner platform beach zone,which is distributed in parallel belts under an extensional setting. This study reconstructs the tectono-lithofacies palaeogeographic pattern of the Maokou Formation within a chronostratigraphic sequence framework,reveals the distribution patterns of favorable reservoir facies belts,and provides guidance for large-scale oil and gas discoveries in the Maokou Formation.

Key words: tectono-lithofacies palaeogeography, sedimentary evolution, favorable reservoir zone, Maokou Formation, Permian, Sichuan Basin

中图分类号:

TE121

文龙, 罗冰, 杨文杰, 陈骁, 张本健, 许强, 李明隆, 肖笛, 乔占峰, 谭秀成. 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组构造-岩相古地理特征及有利储集区带分布^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(4): 1044-1063.

WEN Long, LUO Bing, YANG Wenjie, CHEN Xiao, ZHANG Benjian, XU Qiang, LI Minglong, XIAO Di, QIAO Zhanfeng, TAN Xiucheng. Tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeographic characteristics and distribution of favorable reservoir zones of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin,China[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(4): 1044-1063.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2025/V27/I4/1044

图/表 11

图 1 四川盆地茅口组沉积初期(SQ1-SQ2)古地貌(a,据许强等,2025)与茅口组层序地层综合柱状图(b)

Fig.1 Paleogeomorphology in the early sedimentary period of the Maokou Formation(SQ1-SQ2)in Sichuan Basin(a,according after Xu et al., 2025)and the sequence strata comprehensive column of the Maokou Formation(b)

图 2 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组层序充填演化剖面(剖面位置见图 1-a)

Fig.2 Sequence filling evolution profile of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin (the profile location is shown in Fig.1-a)

图 3 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组典型岩石微相显微特征 a—泥灰岩,新基姑剖面,7-1,部分染色薄片,单偏光; b—泥晶灰岩,铁索桥剖面,20-1,部分染色薄片,单偏光; c—生屑粒泥灰岩,成20井,3460.4 m,单偏光; d—生屑泥粒灰岩,新基姑剖面,121-1,单偏光; e—生屑颗粒灰岩,池67井,3286.96 m,单偏光; f—细-粉晶白云岩,潼深3井,4334.75 m,单偏光; g—中-细晶白云岩,潼深11井,4447.31 m,单偏光; h—图 3-g对应原岩恢复照片,见大量残余生屑颗粒幻影结构; i—硅质泥页岩,见放射虫,双河口剖面,单偏光(据曹华等,2024)

Fig.3 Microscopic characteristics of typical rock microfacies in the Maokou Formation,Sichuan Basin

表 1 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组沉积相划分方案

Table 1 Sedimentary facies division scheme of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin

沉积体系	相	亚相	主要岩性	发育时期
碳酸盐岩缓坡	内缓坡	颗粒滩	颗粒(云)灰岩、泥粒灰岩	SQ1-SQ2
		潟湖	泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩、粉晶白云岩
		半局限海	粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩、泥晶灰岩
	中缓坡	颗粒滩	泥粒灰岩、颗粒灰岩
		开阔海	粒泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩、泥灰岩
		风暴滩	泥粒灰岩、颗粒灰岩
	外缓坡	静水泥	泥晶灰岩、硅质泥页岩	SQ2
镶边碳酸盐岩台地	半局限台地	台内滩	颗粒(云)灰岩、泥粒灰岩	SQ3-SQ6
		台内洼地	泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩
		半局限海	粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩、泥晶灰岩
	台地边缘	台缘滩(礁)	颗粒(云)灰岩、生物礁(云)灰岩
	台地边缘	滩间	粒泥灰岩、泥灰岩
	斜坡		泥粒灰岩、粒泥灰岩、泥灰岩
	盆地		泥晶灰岩、硅质页岩

图 4 四川盆地茅口组典型沉积序列 a—内缓坡颗粒滩沉积序列,汉深1井; b—内缓坡半局限海沉积序列,潼深3井; c—内缓坡潟湖沉积序列,潼深3井; d—中缓坡低能滩沉积序列,铁索桥剖面; e—中缓坡开阔海沉积序列,新基姑剖面; f—台缘滩沉积序列,雪玉洞剖面; g—台内滩沉积序列,威阳17井;h—斜坡沉积序列,剑阁1井; i—盆地沉积序列,西北乡剖面

Fig.4 Typical sedimentary sequence of the Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin

图 5 四川盆地茅口组沉积相标志宏微观特征 a—生物潜穴构造,靖和1井; b—灰岩—泥灰岩韵律层,双河口剖面; c—黑色风暴岩,见异地搬运的苔藓虫碎屑,具正粒序,剑阁1井,7441.85 m;d—冲刷面构造,合平1井,4257.95 m(据田小彬等,2021);e—生物礁白云岩,广参2井,4608.65~4608.80 m;f—生物礁白云岩,生物体腔孔发育,广参2井,4608.77 m;g—生物礁灰岩,马槽沟剖面; h—浅灰色滑塌角砾灰岩定向分布于黑色硅质页岩中,双河口剖面(据许强等,2025); i—滑塌角砾灰岩,元坝8井(据邓莉等,2021);j—黑色薄层状硅质泥页岩,西北乡剖面

Fig.5 Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of sedimentary facies markers in the Maokou Formation,Sichuan Basin

图 6 四川盆地茅口组层序及沉积相连井对比剖面(剖面位置见图 1-a)

Fig.6 Inter-well contrast profiles of sequence and sedimentary of the Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin (the profile location is shown in Fig.1-a)

图 7 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组构造—层序—岩相古地理图

Fig.7 Tectonic-sequence-lithofacies palaeogeographic map of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin

表 2 四川盆地茅口组有利储集区带的储集层岩性特征及天然气测试效果

Table 2 Lithological characteristics of reservoirs and gas test results in favorable reservoir zones of the Maokou Formation,Sichuan Basin

沉积相类型	有利区	钻井	储集层厚度/m	储集岩类型	测试日产气/10⁴m³	层位
台缘滩	梓潼—邻水—丰都	卧67	12.0	孔洞型滩相白云岩	64.28	SQ4-SQ5
		板东3	13.0		83.20
		蓬阳3	11.0		213.15
	巴中—宣汉—万州	五探1	14.0	白云质颗粒灰岩	83.20	SQ3
		罐4	8.0		117.80
台内滩	川中地区	潼深11	13.4	孔洞型滩相白云岩	233.80	SQ3
		磨溪145	14.0		212.30
	川西地区	角探1	16.0		112.80	SQ4
		蓬深6	11.0		146.00
	川南地区	云锦2	45.0	白云质颗粒灰岩	70.76	SQ3-SQ4
		胜探1	8.4		54.68	SQ3

图 8 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组构造古地貌控滩控储模式

Fig.8 Model of constructing ancient landforms for controlling beaches and reservoirs in the Maokou Formation,Sichuan Basin

图 9 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组储集层厚度平面分布

Fig.9 Planar distribution map of reservoir thickness in the Maokou Formation,Sichuan Basin

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四川盆地中二叠统茅口组构造-岩相古地理特征及有利储集区带分布^*

Tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeographic characteristics and distribution of favorable reservoir zones of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin,China

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四川盆地中二叠统茅口组构造-岩相古地理特征及有利储集区带分布*

Tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeographic characteristics and distribution of favorable reservoir zones of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin,China

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四川盆地中二叠统茅口组构造-岩相古地理特征及有利储集区带分布^*