海底滑坡沉积的反射地震特征、物性与石油地质意义<sup>*</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.086

古地理学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (6): 1590-1606. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.086

海底滑坡沉积的反射地震特征、物性与石油地质意义^*

韩政豪¹(), 吴南¹(), 任金锋², 李攀³, 李文婧¹, 王毕文¹, 陈万利⁴

1 同济大学海洋地质全国重点实验室, 上海 200092
2 广州海洋地质调查局, 广东广州 510075
3 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
4 中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所, 海南三亚 572000

收稿日期:2025-01-09 修回日期:2025-03-12 出版日期:2025-12-01 发布日期:2025-11-25
通讯作者: 吴南,男,1990年生,博士,副教授,主要从事地震地层学与深水沉积学研究。E-mail: nanwu@tongji.edu.cn。
作者简介:
韩政豪,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事海底滑坡沉积物性及石油地质意义研究。E-mail: z73han@tongji.edu.cn。
基金资助:
*国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2800901); 国家自然科学基金项目(42406060); 上海市“科技创新行动计划”启明星项目(扬帆专项)(13502360178); 上海市自然科学基金面上项目(13502360190)

Seismic reflection characteristics,petrophysical properties, and petroleum implications of submarine landslide deposits

HAN Zhenghao¹(), WU Nan¹(), REN Jinfeng², LI Pan³, LI Wenjing¹, WANG Biwen¹, CHEN Wanli⁴

1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2 Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China
3 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
4 Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hainan Sanya 572000, China

Received:2025-01-09 Revised:2025-03-12 Online:2025-12-01 Published:2025-11-25
Contact: WU Nan,born in 1990,PhD,an associate professor,is mainly engaged in seismic stratigraphy and deep-water sedimentology research. E-mail: nanwu@tongji.edu.cn.
About author:
HAN Zhenghao,born in 2001,a master’s degree candidate, is mainly engaged in studying the petrophysical properties and petroleum implications of mass transport deposits. E-mail: z73han@tongji.edu.cn.
Supported by:
Co-funded by the National Key Research Program(2021YFC2800901); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42406060); Shanghai Qimingxing Project(Yangfan Special Project)(13502360178); Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(13502360190)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海底滑坡及其伴生的高密度碎屑流与浊流沉积,构成了全球各深海盆地沉积产物的重要组成部分。最新获取的大洋科学钻探与工业钻井资料研究表明,海底滑坡沉积具有较高的密度、电阻率、纵波速度和不排水抗剪强度,与较低的孔隙度、含水量,以及杂乱分布的倾角与倾向。这些物性特征和产状特征表明,海底滑坡沉积的内部变形和压实程度均高于周缘未破坏海底沉积物。此外,海底滑坡沉积底部层段(15~30 m)表现出低于海底滑坡沉积内部的含水量和孔隙度响应,以及高于内部的纵波速度和电阻率响应。该层段被解释为底部剪切带,是单期次海底滑坡沉积中最固结、最致密的结构单元。海底滑坡沉积及其底部剪切带可作为深海油气与天然气水合物的天然封堵层,有效抑制油气和水合物资源的逸散。其次,富泥质底部剪切带及滑水效应显著降低了海底滑坡的侵蚀能力,从而使得海底滑坡沉积富砂质层段在长距离搬运过程中保持了内部结构的完整性,使其具备成为优质深海储集层的潜力。研究海底滑坡沉积的物性与石油地质意义有助于梳理深海常规油气和天然气水合物资源的成藏与富集规律,并为后续深海油气的勘探开发以及深海碳封存选址提供关键的地质信息。

关键词: 海底滑坡沉积, 底部剪切带, 物性特征, 石油地质意义

Abstract:

Submarine landslides and their associated high-density debris flows and turbidity currents constitute an important component of deep-sea sedimentary basins worldwide. Aiming at exploring the petroleum implications of submarine landslide deposits,the lithological,petrophysical,and geotechnical properties of submarine landslide deposits are summarized based on newly-collected petrophysical logging data,geotechnical experiments and stratigraphic logging data. Submarine landslide deposits are characterized by: higher density,resistivity,P-wave velocity,and undrained shear strength,along with low porosity,water content,and disorderly distributed dip angles and dip direction azimuths. These features indicate that submarine landslide deposits undergo more intense internal deformation and compaction compared to surrounding undisturbed strata. Abnormally high P-wave velocity and resistivity responses are observed in an interval(15 to 30 meters)above the basal shear surface of a single submarine landslide deposit,which is interpreted as the most consolidated and condensed structural unit called basal shear zone(BSZ). BSZ can serve as natural seals to effectively inhibit the escape of deep-sea hydrocarbons and gas hydrates. Additionally,muddy BSZ combined with hydroplaning effects significantly reduces the erosional capacity of submarine landslides,allowing sandy layers within the deposits to preserve their structural integrity during transport and thereby enhancing their potential as high-quality deep-sea reservoirs. Investigating the physical properties and petroleum geological implications of submarine landslide deposits contributes to understanding the accumulation mechanisms of conventional hydrocarbons and gas hydrates in deep-sea environments,providing critical geological insights for future energy exploration,development,and carbon sequestration site selection.

Key words: submarine landslide deposit, basal shear zone, petrophysical characteristics, petroleum implication

中图分类号:

P512.2

韩政豪, 吴南, 任金锋, 李攀, 李文婧, 王毕文, 陈万利. 海底滑坡沉积的反射地震特征、物性与石油地质意义^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(6): 1590-1606.

HAN Zhenghao, WU Nan, REN Jinfeng, LI Pan, LI Wenjing, WANG Biwen, CHEN Wanli. Seismic reflection characteristics,petrophysical properties, and petroleum implications of submarine landslide deposits[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(6): 1590-1606.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2025/V27/I6/1590

图/表 13

图1 海底滑坡平面展布及沉积结构三维模式图(据Bull et al., 2009;有修改)

Fig.1 3D schematic model of distribution and depositional structural characteristics for submarine landslide deposits(modified from Bull et al., 2009)

图2 海底滑坡的主要类型(据Wu et al., 2021a;有修改)

Fig.2 Schematic diagram showing classification of submarine landslides(modified from Wu et al., 2021a)

图3 海底滑坡沉积反射地震剖面特征 a—蠕变块体反射地震剖面(据Li et al., 2016;有修改);b—滑动块体反射地震剖面(据Steventon et al.,2019;有修改);c,d—滑塌块体反射地震剖面,反射地震数据来源于新西兰石油与矿产资源司(New Zealand Petroleum & Minerals);e—碎屑流反射地震剖面,反射地震数据来源于新西兰石油与矿产资源司;f—张裂块体反射地震剖面(据Wu et al., 2021a;有修改)

Fig.3 Seismic reflection characteristics of submarine landslide deposits

图4 基于钻井数据的海底滑坡沉积岩性统计(图中黄色圆点代表钻测井点位,表为相应的岩性统计结果)

Fig.4 Lithological statistics of submarine landslide deposits based on drilling and logging data(Yellow dots in figure represent drilling locations,and table shows corresponding lithological statistics)

图5 海底滑坡沉积的岩心特征(据McHugh et al.,2002;有修改) a—砂质基质包裹黏土碎屑,碎屑边缘含细粒至粗粒砂; b—底部剪切带将角砾岩与粉质黏土分开; c—软沉积褶皱、层理扭曲、截断以及亚圆形泥质碎屑; d—细粒基质包裹大块岩屑

Fig.5 Core characteristics of submarine landslide deposits(modified from McHugh et al.,2002)

图6 典型海底滑坡沉积与未扰动沉积物的物性特征(据Gatter et al., 2020;有修改)

Fig.6 Petrophysical properties of typical submarine landslide deposits and undisturbed strata(modified from Gatter et al., 2020)

图7 地层产状测井揭示海底滑坡沉积和背景沉积物的差异: (a)倾角; (b)倾向方位角(据Piper et al., 1997;有修改)

Fig.7 Stratigraphic attitude logging reveals differences between submarine landslide deposits and background deposits: (a)dip angle;(b)dip direction azimuths(modified from Piper et al., 1997)

图8 底部剪切带物性纵波速度(a)和电阻率(b)(据Wu et al., 2021b;有修改)

Fig.8 Petrophysical properties of basal shear zone P-wave velocity(a)and resistivity(b)(modified from Wu et al., 2021b)

图9 海底滑坡底部碎屑流示意图(a)(据Ogata et al., 2014;有修改)、海底滑坡底部剪切带宏观形成过程(b)及海底滑坡底部剪切带微观形成过程(c-e)(据Wu et al., 2021b;有修改)

Fig.9 Schematic diagram of debris flow-type deformation at bottom of submarine landslide deposits(a)(modified from Ogata et al., 2014),and formation process of basal shear zones in macroscopic(b)and microscopic(c-e)view(modified from Wu et al., 2021b)

图10 泥质海底滑坡沉积圈闭砂质浊流水道复合体反射地震剖面(a)及其岩性、物性(b)(据Wu et al., 2021b;有修改)

Fig.10 Seismic profile of sandy turbidity current-channel complex under trap of muddy submarine landslide deposits(a)and lithological and petrophysical characteristics(b)(modified from Wu et al., 2021b)

图11 海底模拟反射层及其上覆海底滑坡沉积和下伏气烟囱的反射地震特征(据Kuang et al., 2023;有修改)

Fig.11 Seismic reflection characteristics of bottom simulating reflector, overlying submarine landslide deposits,and under lying gas chimney(modified from Kuang et al., 2023)

图12 海底滑坡沉积内部砂质块体作为良好的储集层反射地震剖面(a)及其岩性、物性特征(b)(据Wu et al., 2021b;有修改)

Fig.12 Seismic profile(a)and lithological and petrophysical characteristics(b)of sandy blocks inside submarine landslide deposits serve as favorable reservoirs for enrichment of oil and gas resources(modified from Wu et al., 2021b)

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