上扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组生物硅质页岩特征及成因机制: 以川南昭通地区为例<sup>*</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.065

古地理学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (6): 1434-1451. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.065

上扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组生物硅质页岩特征及成因机制: 以川南昭通地区为例^*

梁兴¹(), 赵建章²(), 张涵冰¹, 张介辉¹, 范小东¹, 罗瑀峰¹, 蒋立伟¹, 张磊¹, 徐应才², 徐方镇²

1 中国石油天然气股份有限公司浙江油田分公司, 浙江杭州 310023
2 北京华泰兰德科技有限公司, 北京 100085

收稿日期:2024-10-18 修回日期:2024-12-17 出版日期:2025-12-01 发布日期:2025-11-25
通讯作者: 赵建章,男,1961年生, 教授级高级工程师,长期从事沉积学与储层地质学研究和油气勘探评价工作。E-mail: zjz812@vip.sina.com。
作者简介:
梁兴,男,1965年生,教授级高级工程师,长期从事页岩气、页岩油、油气生产和科技管理工作。E-mail: liangx85@petroChina.com.cn。
基金资助:
*国家重大科技专项(2020YFA0710604); 中国石油集团公司重大专项(2021DJ1903)

Characteristics and genesis mechanism of biogenic siliceous shale of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Upper Yangtze Region: a case study of Zhaotong area in southern Sichuan Basin

LIANG Xing¹(), ZHAO Jianzhang²(), ZHANG Hanbing¹, ZHANG Jiehui¹, FAN Xiaodong¹, LUO Yufeng¹, JIANG Liwei¹, ZHANG Lei¹, XU Yingcai², XU Fangzhen²

1 Zhejiang Oil Field Company, PetroChina, Hangzhou 310023, China
2 Beijing Huatai Lande Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China

Received:2024-10-18 Revised:2024-12-17 Online:2025-12-01 Published:2025-11-25
Contact: ZHAO Jianzhang, born in 1961, is a professor-level senior engineer. He is engaged in sedimentology and reservoir geology research as well as oil and gas exploration and evaluation. E-mail: zjz812@vip.sina.com.
About author:
LIANG Xing,born in 1965,is a professor-level senior engineer. He is primarily engaged in shale gas,shale oil,oil and gas production,and scientific and technological management work. E-mail: liangx85@petroChina.com.cn.
Supported by:
Co-funded by the National Important Science and Technology Project(2020YFA0710604); CNPC Science and Technology Major Project(2021DJ1903)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

五峰组—龙马溪组硅质页岩作为四川盆地重要的页岩气富集岩相之一,其沉积特征和成因机理一直备受关注。本研究基于MaipSCAN人工智能电镜矿物扫描、大薄片、场发射扫描电镜和氦离子显微技术分析,揭示了昭通地区五峰组—龙马溪组下部硅质页岩的矿物组成及垂向、平面分布特征。研究表明,该区域硅质页岩厚度稳定且广泛分布,主要矿物包括石英、长石、黏土、黄铁矿、方解石和白云石。垂向上,硅质含量逐渐减少、钙质矿物含量增加、黏土矿物先减少后增加。平面上不同井间矿物分布趋势一致,高硅质含量主要分布在龙一1¹和龙一1²小层,整体硅质含量超过50%,为生物硅质页岩集中发育段。硅质页岩呈泥质和粉砂质2类纹层,其中粉砂质纹层颗粒较粗,呈现放射虫纹层和钙质微生物纹层交替特征。其中放射虫富集纹层表现为无粒序特征,不同粒度的放射虫壳体随机分布,硅质含量高且纹层连续性分布。钙质微生物富集纹层表现为凝聚团块,颗粒没有规则的外部形态,内部呈絮凝状,颗粒大小不一,纹层呈断续、板状和平行状,厚度变化快。研究指出,生物硅质页岩形成受到快速海进和火山作用的双重影响,通过调节营养物质和海水化学性质变化,影响生态位和生态条件,进而控制不同类型纹层的形成。硅质页岩具有高有机质含量、孔隙连通性好、良好脆性和强压裂性,因而成为页岩气勘探的首选目标。

关键词: 生物硅质页岩, 矿物组成, 放射虫纹层, 钙藻纹层, 五峰组, 龙马溪组, 昭通地区, 四川盆地

Abstract:

The Wufeng and Longmaxi formations are the key shale gas-enriched lithofacies in the Sichuan Basin,drawing significant attention to its sedimentary characteristics and genetic mechanisms. This study,employing MaipSCAN artificial intelligence electron microscopy mineral scanning,thin sections,field emission scanning electron microscopy,and helium ion microscopy techniques,reveals the mineral composition and vertical as well as horizontal distribution characteristics of the siliceous shale in the Zhaotong-Taiyang area of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations. The research indicates that the siliceous shale in this region exhibits stable and widespread thickness,with major minerals including quartz,feldspar,clay,pyrite,calcite,and dolomite. Vertically,the silicon content decreases gradually,while the calcium minerals increase and clay minerals first decrease and then increase. Horizontally,the mineral distribution trends between different wells are consistent,with high silicon content mainly concentrated in the Long 1-1¹and Long 1-1² sub-layers,where the overall silica content exceeds 50%,representing a concentrated development zone of biogenic siliceous shale. The shale displays two types of laminations,mud laminae and silt laminae. The silt laminae exhibit coarser grains, characterized by an alternation of radiolarian laminae and calcareous. The radiolarian and enriched layers exhibit a lack of grain size sorting,random distribution of radiolarian tests of different sizes,high silicon content,and continuous distribution. In contrast,the calcareous algae-enriched layers appear as cohesive clusters with irregular external morphology,internally showing flocculent characteristics with varying particle sizes,discontinuous,platy,parallel,and rapidly changing thickness features. The study highlights that the formation of siliceous shale is influenced by rapid transgression and volcanic activities,regulating nutrient and seawater chemical property changes,impacting ecological niches and conditions,leading to the formation of different types of laminations. Siliceous shale,characterized by high silicon content,high organic matter content,excellent pore connectivity,good brittleness,and strong fracturability,emerges as a primary target for shale gas exploration.

Key words: biogenic siliceous shale, mineral composition, radiolarian-rich layers, calcimicrobe-rich layers, Wufeng Formation, Longmaxi Formation, Zhaotong area, Sichuan Basin

中图分类号:

P512.2

梁兴, 赵建章, 张涵冰, 张介辉, 范小东, 罗瑀峰, 蒋立伟, 张磊, 徐应才, 徐方镇. 上扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组生物硅质页岩特征及成因机制: 以川南昭通地区为例^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(6): 1434-1451.

LIANG Xing, ZHAO Jianzhang, ZHANG Hanbing, ZHANG Jiehui, FAN Xiaodong, LUO Yufeng, JIANG Liwei, ZHANG Lei, XU Yingcai, XU Fangzhen. Characteristics and genesis mechanism of biogenic siliceous shale of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Upper Yangtze Region: a case study of Zhaotong area in southern Sichuan Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(6): 1434-1451.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2025/V27/I6/1434

图/表 18

图1 上扬子地区和昭通地区大地构造背景和位置 a—上扬子大地构造区划简图; b—昭通地区位置及井位分布图

Fig.1 Tectonic background and location of the Upper Yangtze Region and Zhaotong area

图2 昭通地区五峰组—龙马溪组Y103井地层综合柱状图

Fig.2 Comprehensive stratigraphic column of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations of Well Y103 in Zhaotong area

表1 昭通地区五峰组—龙马溪组采样数据和分析方法

Table 1 Sampling and analyzing methods of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Zhaotong area

序号	分析测试项目	样品数/个
1	全直径岩心双能CT扫描分析	岩心长318 m
2	MaipSCAN岩心自动矿物分析	560
3	SEM样品制备	64
4	4 nm孔隙与有机质含量测定	64
5	1 nm孔隙度校正量测定	64
6	微米CT有机质连通性测定	19
7	FIB-SEM 4 nm孔隙连通性测定	19

图3 昭通地区YS207井龙马溪组硅质页岩大薄片照片(白色箭头指示亮纹层) a—井深3304.46 m; b—井深3303.43 m; c—井深3302.25 m; d—井深3301.44 m

Fig.3 Macroscopic thin-section photographs of siliceous shale of the Longmaxi Formation in Well YS207 in Zhaotong area(White arrows indicate bright grain layers)

图4 昭通地区YQ11井龙马溪组硅质页岩纹层MaipSCAN矿物扫描照片 a—井深448.34 m; b—井深449.4 m; c—井深450.3 m; d—井深450.46 m; e—井深451.9 m; f—井深452.98 m。红色箭头指向裂缝,黄色箭头指向粉砂纹层,黑色箭头指向泥纹层

Fig.4 MaipSCAN mineral scanning photographs of laminated siliceous shale of the Longmaxi Formation in Well YQ11 in Zhaotong area

表2 昭通地区五峰组—龙马溪组硅质页岩样品矿物含量

Table 2 Mineral content of siliceous shale samples of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Zhaotong area

井号	井深 /m	石英 /%	长石 /%	黏土矿物 /%	总钙质类 /%	黄铁矿 /%
Y104	1197.72	65.83	4.51	14.96	15.01	4.20
YQ11	439.78	64.57	3.04	21.06	11.36	3.01
YQ11	449.40	66.23	3.47	13.64	15.25	4.88
Y104	1200.76	80.93	3.53	9.94	7.17	1.96
YS206	876.14	63.04	4.72	19.34	13.86	3.76
YS207	3003.68	69.23	7.18	19.60	8.49	2.69
YQ11	451.84	82.11	3.59	9.74	6.29	1.87
YS206	881.83	77.71	3.02	12.94	7.65	1.70

图5 昭通地区龙马溪组硅质页岩泥质纹层石英矿物颗粒SEM扫描电镜特征 a—10 μm镜下特征; b—2 μm镜下特征

Fig.5 SEM (scanning electron microscopy) characteristics of quartz grains in siliceous shale lamina of the Longmaxi Formation in Zhaotong area

图6 昭通地区YS206井(深度877.65 m)龙马溪组硅质页岩放射虫矿物光学显微镜特征照片 a—2.5~3 mm大比例尺放射虫纹层; b—偏光显微镜下图a放大1倍特征; c—图a放大1倍的镜下染色特征; d-f—在偏光显微镜下图c逐步放大显示

Fig.6 Optical microscope images of radiolarian mineral in siliceous shale of Longmaxi Formation of Well YS206(depth in 877.65 m) in Zhaotong area

图7 昭通地区YS207井(深度3003.45 m)龙马溪组硅质页岩放射虫纹层矿物结构光学显微镜特征照片 a—500 μm比例尺下放射虫纹层; b—100 μm比例尺下放射虫纹层; c—方解石; d-e—硅化石英; f—放射虫

Fig.7 Optical microscope images of radiolarian lamina mineral structure of the Longmaxi Formation siliceous shale in Well YS207(depth in 3003.45 m)in Zhaotong area

图8 昭通地区Y104井(深度178.48 m)龙马溪组硅质页岩钙质微生物纹层镜下特征 a-d—不同分辨率下染色后钙质微生物纹层特征; e-g—单个钙质微生物; h—钙质微生物团块

Fig.8 Microscopic characteristics of calcimicrobe laminae in siliceous shale of the Longmaxi Formation in Well Y104(depth in 178.48 m) in Zhaotong area

图9 昭通地区五峰组硅质页岩、钙质微生物团块及方解石、白云石特征照片 a,b—YS206井,井深883.66 m, 白云石及方解石; c,d—YQ11井,井深454.3 m, 白云石不同比例镜下特征; e,f—Y104井,井深1202.13 m, 高倍镜下白云石、方解石

Fig.9 Microscopic photos of siliceous shale calcimicrobe clusters,calcite,and dolomite characteristics of the Wufeng Formation in Zhaotong area

图10 昭通地区Y104井(深度1195.62 m)龙马溪组硅质页岩钙质微生物纹层矿物镜下特征 a—钙质微生物纹层; b—放大的钙质微生物纹层; c—白云石、方解石镜下特征

Fig.10 Photographs depict mineralogical characteristics of calcimicrobe-rich laminae in siliceous shale of the Longmaxi Formation in Well Y104(depth in 1195.62 m) in Zhaotong area

图11 昭通地区井间硅质页岩(低密度、高速度、高自然伽马)对比图

Fig.11 Interwell comparison diagram of siliceous shale(low density,high velocity,high natural gamma)in Zhaotong area

表3 昭通地区五峰组—龙马溪组硅质页岩有机质和孔隙度测试

Table 3 Organic matter and porosity of siliceous shale of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Zhaotong area

序号	样品编号	井名	层段	钻井深度 /m	有机质质量含量/wt%	有机质体积含量/V%	有机孔 /%	无机孔 /%	总孔隙度 /%	有机质孔隙转化率/%	有机孔占比/%
1	Z3	Y104	龙一1¹	1202.28	6.69	13.38	5.64	0.23	5.88	29.67	96.07
2	Z4	Y104	龙一1¹	1200.68	4.79	9.58	3.58	0.20	3.79	27.23	94.63
3	Z5-2	Y104	龙一1¹	1200.22	4.20	8.41	3.18	0.13	3.31	27.46	96.19
4	Z7	Y104	龙一1¹	1199.12	3.72	7.45	3.44	0.15	3.59	31.60	95.73
5	Z8	Y104	龙一1²	1198.86	3.62	7.23	3.30	0.19	3.48	31.31	94.58
6	Z10	Y104	龙一1²	1194.46	4.00	8.00	3.10	0.47	3.57	27.92	86.89
7	C2	YS206	龙一1²	871.00	2.51	5.01	2.29	0.14	2.43	31.37	94.18
8	C3	YS206	龙一1²	873.65	3.65	7.30	2.06	0.28	2.34	22.00	88.03
9	C4	YS206	龙一1¹	875.70	3.74	7.47	2.69	0.15	2.84	26.46	94.59
10	D4	YS118	龙一1¹	2257.15	4.40	8.79	2.43	0.13	2.56	21.67	94.89
11	B3	YQ11	龙一1²	444.96	3.71	7.41	2.69	0.28	2.97	26.64	90.54
12	B7	YQ11	龙一1²	450.86	3.60	7.20	3.17	0.21	3.39	30.59	93.69
13	B8	YQ11	龙一1²	450.50	4.01	8.02	2.95	0.24	3.19	26.91	92.44
14	B9	YQ11	龙一1²	450.86	3.31	6.61	3.27	0.19	3.47	33.12	94.46
15	B10	YQ11	龙一1¹	451.42	4.50	9.00	3.12	0.21	3.34	25.75	93.59
16	B12	YQ11	龙一1¹	452.02	4.07	8.15	2.98	0.16	3.14	26.77	94.79
17	B13	YQ11	龙一1¹	452.70	5.71	11.43	3.04	0.12	3.16	20.99	96.11
18	B14	YQ11	龙一1¹	452.90	4.36	8.72	2.57	0.15	2.72	22.78	94.49
19	A8	YS207	龙一1²	2997.41	3.01	6.03	1.97	0.14	2.11	24.63	93.18
20	A9	YS207	龙一1²	2997.66	4.84	9.67	2.31	0.02	2.33	19.28	99.19
21	A11	YS207	龙一1¹	2998.58	3.78	7.56	1.56	0.04	1.60	17.10	97.65
22	A13	YS207	龙一1¹	2999.38	6.27	12.54	2.10	0.04	2.14	14.33	98.24
23	A14	YS207	龙一1¹	2999.53	5.67	11.34	1.75	0.04	1.79	13.34	97.54

表3 昭通地区五峰组—龙马溪组硅质页岩有机质和孔隙度测试

Table 3 Organic matter and porosity of siliceous shale of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Zhaotong area

序号	样品编号	井名	层段	钻井深度 /m	有机质质量含量/wt%	有机质体积含量/V%	有机孔 /%	无机孔 /%	总孔隙度 /%	有机质孔隙转化率/%	有机孔占比/%
1	Z3	Y104	龙一1¹	1202.28	6.69	13.38	5.64	0.23	5.88	29.67	96.07
2	Z4	Y104	龙一1¹	1200.68	4.79	9.58	3.58	0.20	3.79	27.23	94.63
3	Z5-2	Y104	龙一1¹	1200.22	4.20	8.41	3.18	0.13	3.31	27.46	96.19
4	Z7	Y104	龙一1¹	1199.12	3.72	7.45	3.44	0.15	3.59	31.60	95.73
5	Z8	Y104	龙一1²	1198.86	3.62	7.23	3.30	0.19	3.48	31.31	94.58
6	Z10	Y104	龙一1²	1194.46	4.00	8.00	3.10	0.47	3.57	27.92	86.89
7	C2	YS206	龙一1²	871.00	2.51	5.01	2.29	0.14	2.43	31.37	94.18
8	C3	YS206	龙一1²	873.65	3.65	7.30	2.06	0.28	2.34	22.00	88.03
9	C4	YS206	龙一1¹	875.70	3.74	7.47	2.69	0.15	2.84	26.46	94.59
10	D4	YS118	龙一1¹	2257.15	4.40	8.79	2.43	0.13	2.56	21.67	94.89
11	B3	YQ11	龙一1²	444.96	3.71	7.41	2.69	0.28	2.97	26.64	90.54
12	B7	YQ11	龙一1²	450.86	3.60	7.20	3.17	0.21	3.39	30.59	93.69
13	B8	YQ11	龙一1²	450.50	4.01	8.02	2.95	0.24	3.19	26.91	92.44
14	B9	YQ11	龙一1²	450.86	3.31	6.61	3.27	0.19	3.47	33.12	94.46
15	B10	YQ11	龙一1¹	451.42	4.50	9.00	3.12	0.21	3.34	25.75	93.59
16	B12	YQ11	龙一1¹	452.02	4.07	8.15	2.98	0.16	3.14	26.77	94.79
17	B13	YQ11	龙一1¹	452.70	5.71	11.43	3.04	0.12	3.16	20.99	96.11
18	B14	YQ11	龙一1¹	452.90	4.36	8.72	2.57	0.15	2.72	22.78	94.49
19	A8	YS207	龙一1²	2997.41	3.01	6.03	1.97	0.14	2.11	24.63	93.18
20	A9	YS207	龙一1²	2997.66	4.84	9.67	2.31	0.02	2.33	19.28	99.19
21	A11	YS207	龙一1¹	2998.58	3.78	7.56	1.56	0.04	1.60	17.10	97.65
22	A13	YS207	龙一1¹	2999.38	6.27	12.54	2.10	0.04	2.14	14.33	98.24
23	A14	YS207	龙一1¹	2999.53	5.67	11.34	1.75	0.04	1.79	13.34	97.54

图12 昭通地区五峰组—龙马溪组硅质页岩有机质扫描电镜下微观特征 a-c—红色箭头指示放大的镜下有机质

Fig.12 Microscopic characteristics of organic matter in siliceous shale under scanning electron microscope of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Zhaotong area

表4 昭通地区五峰组—龙马溪组硅质页岩孔隙连通性测试

Table 4 Porosity connectivity testing of siliceous shale of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Zhaotong area

序号	样品编号	井号	钻井深度/m	连通有机质占有机质/%	连通有机质孔占有机质孔/%	1 mm³样品孔隙连通率/%
1	Z3	Y104	1202.28	40.22	75.67	30.43
2	B16	YQ11	456.93	52.83	59.04	30.93
3	D3	D3	3303.68	29.51	69.77	20.59

图13 昭通地区龙马溪组硅质页岩三维空间连通性特征FIB-SEM照片

Fig.13 FIB-SEM photographs depict three-dimensional spatial connectivity characteristics of siliceous shale in the Longmaxi Formation in Zhaotong area

表5 昭通地区YQ11井硅质页岩脆性与可压裂指数

Table 5 Brittleness and fracturability index of siliceous shale in Well YQ11 in Zhaotong area

深度/m	440.0	440.5	441.0	441.5	442.0	442.5	443.0	443.5	444.0	444.5	445.0	445.5	446.0
脆性指数	0.64	0.66	0.58	0.62	0.66	0.70	0.60	0.59	0.56	0.54	0.59	0.60	0.56
可压裂指数	0.81	0.82	0.76	0.79	0.82	0.85	0.77	0.75	0.73	0.71	0.73	0.73	0.71
深度/m	446.5	447.0	447.5	448.0	448.5	449.0	449.5	450.0	450.5	451.0	451.5	452.0	452.5
脆性指数	0.50	0.56	0.61	0.62	0.66	0.68	0.67	0.70	0.78	0.64	0.60	0.56	0.74
可压裂指数	0.68	0.73	0.77	0.77	0.81	0.82	0.81	0.84	0.91	0.79	0.76	0.74	0.88

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上扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组生物硅质页岩特征及成因机制: 以川南昭通地区为例^*

Characteristics and genesis mechanism of biogenic siliceous shale of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Upper Yangtze Region: a case study of Zhaotong area in southern Sichuan Basin

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上扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组生物硅质页岩特征及成因机制: 以川南昭通地区为例*

Characteristics and genesis mechanism of biogenic siliceous shale of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in Upper Yangtze Region: a case study of Zhaotong area in southern Sichuan Basin

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上扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组生物硅质页岩特征及成因机制: 以川南昭通地区为例^*