Provenance of bentonite in the Middle Triassic Tianjingshan Formation on northwestern margin of Yangtze Block and its tectonic implications

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.099

Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition） ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (6): 1532-1551. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.099

• TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS • Previous Articles Next Articles

Provenance of bentonite in the Middle Triassic Tianjingshan Formation on northwestern margin of Yangtze Block and its tectonic implications

CHENG Yixiao¹(), JIN Xin¹^,²(), YAN Zhaokun³, CHEN Yuchao¹, LU Gang⁴, ZOU Hao²^,⁵, CHEN Haifeng⁵, DU Yixing¹^,², ZHANG Yunwang¹, SHI Zhiqiang¹^,²

1 Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
3 College of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
4 College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
5 College of Earth and Planetary Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

Received:2025-01-02 Revised:2025-04-30 Online:2025-12-01 Published:2025-11-25
Contact: JIN Xin,born in 1989,professor,doctoral supervisor,is mainly engaged in sedimentary geochemistry research. E-mail: jinxin2012cdut@163.com.
About author:
CHENG Yixiao,born in 2000,master’s degree candidate from Chengdu University of Technology,is mainly engaged in sedimentary geochemistry research. E-mail: chyngyixia@163.com.
Supported by:
Co-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42362020); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20224BAB203035); Everest Scientific Research Program of Chengdu University of Technology(2020ZF11414)

扬子西北缘中三叠统天井山组斑脱岩来源及其构造启示^*

程逸潇¹(), 金鑫¹^,²(), 颜照坤³, 陈俞超¹, 芦刚⁴, 邹灏²^,⁵, 陈海锋⁵, 杜怡星¹^,², 张云望¹, 时志强¹^,²

1 成都理工大学沉积地质研究院, 四川成都 610059
2 成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室, 四川成都 610059
3 东华理工大学地球科学学院, 江西南昌 330013
4 成都理工大学能源学院, 四川成都 610059
5 成都理工大学地球与行星科学学院, 四川成都 610059

通讯作者: 金鑫,男,1989年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积地球化学研究。E-mail: jinxin2012cdut@163.com。
作者简介:
程逸潇,男,2000年生,成都理工大学在读硕士研究生,主要从事沉积地球化学研究。E-mail: chyngyixia@163.com。
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金项目(42362020); 江西省自然科学基金项目(20224BAB203035); 成都理工大学珠峰科学研究计划项目(2020ZF11414)

Abstract

Abstract:

The Middle to Late Triassic period is a critical phase characterized by the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the Indosinian orogeny,which triggered widespread volcanic activity. Volcanic tuff,altered to bentonite through sedimentary processes,plays a crucial role in stratigraphic dating and tectonic interpretation. The bentonite layer studied is found within the top of the Middle Triassic Tianjingshan Formation in the western Sichuan Basin. Comprehensive analyses,including petrology,clay mineralogy,major and trace elements,and zircon Hf isotopes,are conducted on this bentonite layer. The bentonite is mainly composed of montmorillonite with minor amounts of kaolinite. Geochemical analysis reveals that large ion lithophile elements are more enriched compared to high field strength elements. Zircon Hf isotope analysis indicates ε_Hf(t)values ranging from -2.35 to 0.95,reflecting typical crust-mantle mixing characteristics. Model ages( ${T}_{DM}^{C}$)suggest a Mesoproterozoic provenance,ranging from 1.21 Ga to 1.41 Ga. Based on these geochemical features,the bentonite layer at the top of the Tianjingshan Formation is inferred to have originated from an acidic source magma. The magma source region may exhibit arc-related characteristics formed by the subduction of young oceanic crust,with the magmatic evolution likely involving partial melting and crust-mantle magma mixing. A comparison with records of coeval magmatic rocks in surrounding regions indicates that the bentonite layer of the Tianjingshan Formation shares similar Hf isotopic and geochemical characteristics with magmatic rocks from the eastern segment of the East Kunlun. This indicates a common magmatic source and potentially reflect similar basement properties and tectonic affinities. These findings provide significant insights into the early Indosinian tectonic evolution along the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Block and offer critical evidence for the northward subduction and eventual closure of the Animaqing branch of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.

Key words: Hf isotope, element analysis, bentonite, Tianjingshan Formation, Triassic, Sichuan Basin

摘要： 中—晚三叠世是古特提斯洋俯冲消亡和印支造山运动的重要阶段,火山活动频繁。该阶段火山喷发带来的凝灰质在后期沉积蚀变作用下形成斑脱岩,这类岩石在厘定年代地层格架及指示构造活动方面具有重要的研究价值。本研究对扬子陆块西北缘中三叠统天井山组近顶部的一套斑脱岩开展岩石学、矿物学、全岩主-微量元素含量及锆石Hf同位素组成等分析。结果表明,该套斑脱岩富含蒙脱石和少量高岭石,地球化学特征表现为大离子亲石元素相对于高场强元素较富集。锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示,斑脱岩锆石 ε_Hf(t)值集中在-2.35~0.95之间,具有典型的壳幔混染特征,地壳模式年龄( ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}}^{\mathrm{C}}$)显示为中元古代(1.21—1.41 Ga)。结合地球化学分析,推测天井山组近顶部斑脱岩的源岩浆性质为酸性,岩浆源区可能具有由年轻洋壳俯冲形成的弧岩浆特征,岩浆演化过程可能经历了部分熔融与壳幔岩浆混合作用。通过对比周缘地区同期岩浆岩记录,认为研究区斑脱岩与东昆仑东段岩浆岩的Hf同位素及地球化学特征相似,两者可能具有相同的源区成分,并可能反映相似的基底性质和构造亲缘关系。研究结果为厘清扬子陆块西北缘早印支期的构造演化提供了重要线索,并为古特提斯分支洋盆(阿尼玛卿洋盆)的北向俯冲闭合提供了关键证据。

关键词: Hf同位素, 元素分析, 斑脱岩, 天井山组, 三叠系, 四川盆地

CLC Number:

P588.28+1

CHENG Yixiao, JIN Xin, YAN Zhaokun, CHEN Yuchao, LU Gang, ZOU Hao, CHEN Haifeng, DU Yixing, ZHANG Yunwang, SHI Zhiqiang. Provenance of bentonite in the Middle Triassic Tianjingshan Formation on northwestern margin of Yangtze Block and its tectonic implications[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(6): 1532-1551.

程逸潇, 金鑫, 颜照坤, 陈俞超, 芦刚, 邹灏, 陈海锋, 杜怡星, 张云望, 时志强. 扬子西北缘中三叠统天井山组斑脱岩来源及其构造启示^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(6): 1532-1551.

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Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 Location,geological schematic map and lithological column of the Tianjingshan and Ma’antang formations at Hanzeng section in northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

Fig.2 Field geological characteristics and micrographs of bentonite layer from the Tianjingshan Formation, northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

Table 1 Quantitative XRD analysis of clay minerals in ben-tonite from the Tianjingshan Formation,northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

样品名称	黏土矿物含量/%
	蒙脱石	伊利石	高岭石	绿泥石	伊/蒙混层	绿/蒙混层
HZN-84	95	0	5	0	0	0
HZN-87	92	0	8	0	0	0

Table 2 Results of major element(%)and trace elements(μg/g)of bentonite samples from the Tianjingshan Formation, northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

样品	SiO₂	K₂O	Na₂O	CaO	MgO	Al₂O₃	TFe₂O₃	MnO	TiO₂	P₂O₅	烧失量	Sc
HZN-84	56.94	1.97	0.11	1.78	5.00	19.82	1.55	<0.01	0.12	0.02	12.57	3.40
HZN-85	49.42	1.80	0.04	2.18	4.60	20.85	1.45	0.01	0.12	0.02	19.33	3.91
HZN-86	49.16	1.65	0.02	1.96	4.45	20.84	1.66	0.01	0.11	0.03	19.94	3.56
HZN-87	54.75	1.75	0.10	1.93	4.67	22.72	0.81	<0.01	0.13	0.01	13.01	3.26
样品	Zr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Ba	Rb	Sr	Y	Nb	Hf	Pb	Th
HZN-84	222.42	5.73	2.09	89.28	43.19	148.53	33.57	3.65	22.01	10.64	40.54	28.04
HZN-85	210.40	10.52	3.45	531.64	77.22	137.56	37.35	3.22	20.74	7.73	55.78	27.95
HZN-86	202.76	15.34	2.87	280.28	175.86	127.35	33.33	4.38	19.39	7.20	63.13	31.03
HZN-87	198.58	6.57	4.19	41.37	58.88	125.77	31.71	1.22	18.24	10.40	26.63	25.51
样品	U	V	Ga	Ta	Sn	Sb	Cs	Bi	Tl	Te	La	Ce
HZN-84	1.50	23.06	21.74	3.14	5.79	5.78	101.75	0.78	3.57	0.07	29.75	51.93
HZN-85	1.70	15.21	21.08	2.20	4.84	3.36	125.39	0.57	6.24	0.02	33.48	64.29
HZN-86	2.67	36.13	23.42	2.15	4.97	3.17	122.87	0.56	6.97	0.07	63.40	125.80
HZN-87	1.01	121.30	19.41	3.14	4.12	0.97	95.53	0.81	8.84	0.20	9.08	14.54
样品	Pr	Nd	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu
HZN-84	7.27	22.64	3.26	0.30	2.13	0.32	1.39	0.21	0.57	0.08	0.55	0.09
HZN-85	6.95	22.32	3.25	0.27	1.88	0.37	1.10	0.17	0.43	0.06	0.40	0.07
HZN-86	12.90	40.60	5.99	0.47	3.41	0.46	1.63	0.24	0.57	0.07	0.47	0.07
HZN-87	1.74	5.45	0.71	0.07	0.52	0.08	0.33	0.06	0.16	0.02	0.19	0.03

Fig.3 (a)Primitive mantle-normalized multi-element spider diagram and(b)chondrite-normalized rare earth element distribution pattern of bentonite samples from the Tianjingshan Formation,northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

Table 3 Quantitative whole-rock XRD results of bentonite sample from the Tianjingshan Formation, northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

样品名称	成分含量/%
	石英	钾长石	斜长石	方解石	白云石	菱铁矿	黄铁矿	方沸石	萤石	石膏	黏土矿物
HZN-84	4.7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	95.3
HZN-87	5.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	95.0

Fig.4 Cathodoluminescence(CL) image of zircons from bentonite sample within the Middle Triassic Tianjingshan Formation, northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

Fig.5 Age-ε_Hf(t)and age-¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios of zircons from bentonite sample within the Middle Triassic Tianjingshan Formation,northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

Fig.6 Hf isotope model age(

${T}_{DM}^{C}$

)of zircons from bentonite sample in the Tianjingshan Formation and coeval granitic rocks(235—244 Ma) from surrounding orogenic belts

Fig.7 Protolith identification diagram of bentonite sample from the Tianjingshan Formation,northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

Fig.8 Tectonic setting discrimination diagrams of bentonite from the Tianjingshan Formation in northwestern margin of Yangtze Block

Fig.9 Formation model of bentonite layer from the Tianjingshan Formation,northwestern margin of Yangtze Block(modified from Li et al., 2011;Xiong et al., 2014;Xia et al., 2015)

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