鄂尔多斯盆地太原组陆表海多尺度混合沉积特征及沉积模式<sup>*</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.093

古地理学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (1): 189-210. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.093

• 岩相古地理学及沉积学 • 上一篇下一篇

鄂尔多斯盆地太原组陆表海多尺度混合沉积特征及沉积模式^*

周越¹^,²(), 冯强汉³, 许淑梅¹^,²^,⁴(), 王涛³, 侯云东³, 雷迅³, 周迅³, 邓路佳³, 张宝珠¹^,², 郭芮洁¹^,², 舒鹏程¹^,², 王曼茜¹^,², 刘政东¹^,²

1 中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院,山东青岛 266100
2 中国海洋大学海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室,山东青岛 266100
3 中国石油长庆油田分公司,陕西西安 710021
4 海洋高等研究院/深海圈层与地球系统前沿中心,山东青岛 266100

收稿日期:2025-02-22 修回日期:2025-06-20 出版日期:2026-02-01 发布日期:2026-02-09
通讯作者: 许淑梅,女,1970年生,教授,主要从事沉积学及盆地分析的教学和研究。E-mail: xsm@ouc.edu.cn。
作者简介:
周越,女,2000年生,硕士研究生,主要从事沉积地质学的研究。E-mail: mialboxzoye@163.com。
基金资助:
*国石油天然气股份有限公司长庆油田分公司科研技术攻关项目(CQYT-CQTRQPI-2023-JS-2045)

Multiscale mixed sedimentary characteristics and depositional model in the Taiyuan Formation of epicontinental sea setting,Ordos Basin

ZHOU Yue¹^,²(), FENG Qianghan³, XU Shumei¹^,²^,⁴(), WANG Tao³, HOU Yundong³, LEI Xun³, ZHOU Xun³, DENG Lujia³, ZHANG Baozhu¹^,², GUO Ruijie¹^,², SHU Pengcheng¹^,², WANG Manxi¹^,², LIU Zhengdong¹^,²

1 College of Marine Geosciences,Ocean University of China,Shandong Qingdao 266100,China
2 Key Laboratory of Seafloor Science and Detection Technology,Ministry of Education,Ocean University of China, Shandong Qingdao 266100,China
3 Changqing Oilfield Branch,China Petroleum Corporation(CNPC),Xi’an 710021,China
4 Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies/Center for Deep Ocean Circulation and Earth System Frontiers,Shandong Qingdao 266100,China

Received:2025-02-22 Revised:2025-06-20 Online:2026-02-01 Published:2026-02-09
Contact: XU Shumei,born in 1970,is a professor. She is mainly engaged in the teaching and research of sedimentology and basin analysis. E-mail: xsm@ouc.edu.cn.
About author:
ZHOU Yue,born in 2000,is a master degree candidate. She is mainly engaged in sedimentary geology research. E-mail: mialboxzoye@163.com.
Supported by:
Research and Technology Key Project of the Changqing Oilfield Branch,China Petroleum & Natural Gas Corporation(CQYT-CQTRQPI-2023-JS-2045)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系太原组为陆表海背景下的含煤层海陆交互相混合沉积体系。当前对太原组混合沉积体系认识的不统一,对其混合特征及主控因素的不明确,限制了对致密石灰岩与致密砂岩等优质储集层的勘探与评价。基于对盆地东部太原组岩心、镜下薄片及野外剖面的系统观察,结合测井、录井等数据,深入分析了太原组旋回性、岩相及岩性特征; 通过对多尺度混合沉积特征与样式的系统分析,厘清了其主控因素及主要形成过程,构建了混合沉积模式。研究区太原组为1个相对完整的三级旋回,可细分为5个四级旋回,经历了较完整的海侵—海退过程。四级旋回表现为海侵—高位体系域二元结构。海侵体系域以碳酸盐岩台地沉积为主,局部发育三角洲及障壁沙坝砂体; 高位体系域则以潮坪及潟湖沉积为主。太原组发育3个尺度的混合沉积: 旋回性混合为宏观尺度,主要受高频海平面变化及波动幅度控制,反映时间周期性变化对混合叠置样式的影响; 同期异地相混合为中等尺度,受陆源碎屑供应、碳酸盐产率及沉积地貌等因素控制,反映空间环境差异对内外源沉积物分配的制约; 组分混合为微观尺度,主要反映陆源碎屑供给、沉积水动力及物化条件对内外源沉积物组分分布的调控。太原组混合沉积具有多尺度发育、多因素协同作用、沉积环境动态演化的显著特征。

关键词: 混合沉积, 混合沉积模式, 地层旋回性, 陆表海, 太原组, 鄂尔多斯盆地

Abstract:

The Taiyuan Formation of Ordos Basin is a mixed depositional system of coal-bearing paralic facies developed under an epicontinental sea setting. Current inconsistencies in the understanding of its mixed depositional system,as well as unclear mixed characteristics and controlling factors,have constrained the exploration and evaluation of high-quality reservoirs such as tight limestones and tight sandstones. Based on systematic observations of cores,thin sections,and outcrops of the Taiyuan Formation in the eastern basin,combined with well logging and mud logging data,this study conducted an in-depth analysis of the cyclicity,lithofacies,and lithological characteristics of the Taiyuan Formation. Through a systematic examination of multiscale mixed depositional features and patterns,the main controlling factors and formation processes were clarified,and a mixed depositional model was established. The Taiyuan Formation in the study area constitutes a relatively complete third-order sequence,which can be subdivided into five fourth-order sequences,recording a relatively full transgressive-regressive cycle. The fourth-order sequences exhibit a binary structure of transgressive and highstand systems tracts. The transgressive systems tract is dominated by carbonate platform deposits,with local development of deltaic and barrier sandbar sand bodies,while the highstand systems tract is primarily composed of tidal flat and lagoon deposits. The Taiyuan Formation exhibits mixed deposition at three scales: Cyclic mixing at the macro-scale,primarily controlled by high-frequency sea-level fluctuations and their amplitudes,reflects the influence of temporal periodic changes on mixed stacking patterns;Contemporaneous heterotopic facies mixing at the meso-scale,governed by terrigenous clastic supply,carbonate productivity,and depositional topography,highlights the constraints of spatial environmental variations on the distribution of endogenic and exogenic sediments;and Component mixing at the micro-scale,mainly regulated by terrigenous clastic input,hydrodynamic conditions,and physicochemical factors,reflects the control on the distribution of mixed sedimentary components. The mixed deposition in the Taiyuan Formation is characterized by multiscale development,multi-factor synergy,and dynamic evolution of depositional environments.

Key words: mixed sedimentation, mixed sedimentary model, stratigraphic cyclicity, epicontinental sea, Taiyuan Formation, Ordos Basin

中图分类号:

P512.2

周越, 冯强汉, 许淑梅, 王涛, 侯云东, 雷迅, 周迅, 邓路佳, 张宝珠, 郭芮洁, 舒鹏程, 王曼茜, 刘政东. 鄂尔多斯盆地太原组陆表海多尺度混合沉积特征及沉积模式^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2026, 28(1): 189-210.

ZHOU Yue, FENG Qianghan, XU Shumei, WANG Tao, HOU Yundong, LEI Xun, ZHOU Xun, DENG Lujia, ZHANG Baozhu, GUO Ruijie, SHU Pengcheng, WANG Manxi, LIU Zhengdong. Multiscale mixed sedimentary characteristics and depositional model in the Taiyuan Formation of epicontinental sea setting,Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2026, 28(1): 189-210.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2026/V28/I1/189

图/表 14

图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地东部地区构造位置(a)及地层综合柱状图(b)(据刘新社等,2023;有修改)

Fig.1 Tectonic position(a) in eastern Ordos Basin and the stratigraphic composite column(b)(modified from Liu et al., 2023)

图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组碳酸盐岩岩心及镜下特征 a—YT2H井,3016.60 m,泥晶灰岩,见直径2 cm的黄铁矿结核,富含有机质,开阔台地; b—M31井,2446.50 m,生屑泥晶灰岩,眼球眼皮状构造,开阔台地; c—Q36井,2790.89 m,生屑泥晶灰岩(+),介形虫中存在多世代交代,开阔台地; d—M28井,2168.20 m,泥晶生屑灰岩,见直径2 cm的海百合茎,颗粒滩; e—M28井,2168.00 m,泥晶生屑灰岩(-),见海百合茎、棘皮类等生物,颗粒滩; f—YT2H井,3026.20 m,粘结岩,见粘结斑块,生物丘; g—YT2H井,3026.20 m,粘结岩(-),亮晶方解石交代充填,生物丘; h—Q81井, 2754.75 m,风暴角砾灰岩,见明显的风暴作用序列,开阔台地

Fig.2 Core and microscopic characteristics of carbonate rocks of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组碎屑岩岩心及镜下特征 a—M169井,2099.50 m,含砾粗砂岩,三角洲平原水上分流河道; b—M154井,2449.40 m,中—粗砂岩,见再作用面,该界面上下层理角度发生明显变化,潮道; c—Y18井,2334.15 m,中砂岩(岩心照片),斜层理,障壁沙坝; d—M169井,2092.64 m,中细砂岩,见小型斜层理和槽状交错层理,三角洲前缘河口坝; e—M169井,2095.70 m,泥质细砂岩(岩心照片),沙波沙纹层理发育,三角洲前缘河口坝; f—M169井,2092.84 m,中细砂岩,小型沙纹沙波层理发育,见岩性分界面,三角洲前缘河口坝; g—M154井,2451.00 m,中粗砂岩(+),见钙质、硅质胶结,障壁沙坝; h—M169井,2095.47 m,泥质粉砂岩,水平层理,三角洲前缘席状砂; i—M28井,2166.14 m, 泥岩,见黄铁矿,潟湖

Fig.3 Core and microscopic characteristics of clastic rocks of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

表 1 组分混积岩分类命名方案(据董桂玉等,2007; 有修改)

Table 1 Classification scheme of component-mixed rocks(modified from Dong et al., 2007)

主要组分	碳酸盐/陆源碎屑含量/%	分类名称	举例
以碳酸盐为主	0<LS<25	含陆源碎屑碳酸盐岩	含泥灰岩、含泥生屑泥晶灰岩
	25<LS<50	陆源碎屑质碳酸盐岩	粉砂质灰岩、泥质灰岩
以陆源碎屑为主	0<TS<25	含碳酸盐陆源碎屑岩	含灰泥岩、含灰砾泥岩
	25<TS<50	碳酸盐质陆源碎屑岩	灰质砂岩、灰质泥岩

图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组混积岩岩心及镜下特征 a—SH24井,2024.43 m,粉砂质灰岩,见直径2 cm的海百合茎,潮间带混合坪; b—YT2H井,3018.80 m,含泥粉砂质灰岩(+),石英颗粒分布于泥晶方解石中,潮间带混合坪; c—Q31井,2895.20 m,泥质灰岩,局限台地; d—Q71井,2859.45 m,角砾状泥质灰岩,开阔台地; e—Q71井,2850.10 m,角砾状泥质灰岩(-),角砾边界明显,开阔台地; f—M28井,2166.73 m,含泥生屑泥晶灰岩,生物碎屑点状分布,潟湖; g—M28井,2166.73 m,含泥生屑泥晶灰岩(-),见棘皮、三叶虫等生物,局限台地; h—M29井,2242.00 m,泥质灰质粉细砂岩,潮汐韵律层理,可见双黏土层,见泥质条带,潮间带混合坪; i—SH26井,2125.45 m,泥质灰质中砂岩(+),钙质胶结为主,局部存在硅质胶结,三角洲前缘河口坝

Fig.4 Core and microscopic characteristics of mixed rocks of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地M154井单井旋回划分及沉积相分析综合柱状图注: SU代表侵蚀面,TTS代表构造体制转换面,DTS代表沉积作用转换面

Fig.5 Comprehensive lithologic column of cyclostratigraphic division and depositional facies analysis for Well M154 in eastern Ordos Basin

表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组混积相单元划分

Table 2 Classification of mixed sedimentary facies units of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

沉积体系	相	亚相	微相	主要岩性	相标志	混合沉积特征
碳酸盐岩台地沉积体系	碳酸盐岩台地	局限台地、开阔台地	生物丘、颗粒滩、丘/滩间海	泥晶灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩、泥晶生屑灰岩、粘结岩	藻纹层结构、粘结斑块、眼球眼皮状构造、水平层理、波状层理	发育含泥/泥质生屑泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩等混积岩,泥质灰岩/灰质泥岩常以薄层形式夹于厚层石灰岩
碎屑滨岸沉积体系	障壁沙坝	/	/	(泥质)中砂岩、(泥质)细砂岩	大型斜层理、板状/楔状层理	发育灰质中、细砂等混积岩,灰质以钙质胶结的形式赋存于砂体中
	潟湖	/	/	泥岩、灰质泥岩、泥质灰岩	水平纹层、灰泥混杂、黄铁矿/菱铁矿等自生矿物	发育灰质泥岩、泥质灰岩等混积岩,泥质灰岩呈薄层产出
	潮坪	潮上带	泥炭沼泽、泥炭坪	煤层、碳质泥岩	炭屑、铁质结核、植物化石碎片	混合沉积现象不明显
		潮间带	混合坪	泥岩、泥质粉砂岩	潮汐韵律层理、平行层理、双黏土层	发育灰质粉砂岩、粉砂质灰岩等混积岩
三角洲沉积体系	三角洲	三角洲平原	水上分流河道、泥炭沼泽	含砾砂岩、砂岩、泥岩、碳质泥岩、煤层	底刷面、槽状交错层理、正粒序、炭屑、铁质结核	混合沉积现象不明显
		三角洲前缘	水下分流河道、支流间湾、河口坝	细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩	底冲刷、波状层理、水平层理、透镜状层理、沙波沙纹层理、槽状交错层理	发育灰质粉砂、细砂等混积岩

图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组旋回对比格架

Fig.6 Cyclostratigraphic correlation framework of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

图 7 山西临县招贤镇太原组野外剖面及地层旋回划分

Fig.7 Field outcrop and stratigraphic cyclicity division of the Taiyuan Formation of Zhaoxian Town,Linxian County,Shanxi Province

图 8 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组旋回性混合样式

Fig.8 Cyclicity-controlled mixing patterns of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组各旋回沉积相平面分布 a—庙沟段海侵体系域; b—庙沟段高位体系域; c—下毛儿沟段海侵体系域; d—下毛儿沟段高位体系域; e—上毛儿沟段海侵体系域; f—下毛儿沟段高位体系域; g—斜道段海侵体系域; h—斜道段高位体系域; i—东大窑段海侵体系域; j—东大窑段高位体系域

Fig.9 Lithofacies palaeogeographic maps of each cyclothem of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

图 10 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组同期异地相混合样式 a—三角洲前缘与潟湖混合; b—潟湖与碳酸盐岩台地混合; c—障壁沙坝与碳酸盐岩台地混合; d—潮坪与潟湖混合; e—障壁沙坝与潟湖混合

Fig.10 Contemporaneous allopatric mixing patterns of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

表 3 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组混积岩及其成因类型

Table 3 Mixed rocks and their genetic types of the Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

沉积相	沉积亚相	混积岩类型	成因类型
三角洲	三角洲前缘	灰质中、细砂岩	相缘混合(主)原地混合
潮坪	潮间带	灰质粉砂岩、粉砂质灰岩	相缘混合(主)原地混合
潟湖	/	(含泥)泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩	相缘混合(主)间断混合
障壁沙坝	/	灰质中、细砂岩	原地混合(主)母源混合
碳酸盐岩台地	局限台地、开阔台地	灰质泥岩、泥质灰岩、含泥/泥质生物碎屑灰岩、含泥/泥质粘结岩	间断混合(主)原地混合

图 11 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组陆表海混合沉积模式 a—海侵体系域混合沉积模式; b—高位体系域混合沉积模式

Fig.11 Schematic model of mixed sedimentation in the epicontinental sea of Taiyuan Formation in eastern Ordos Basin

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[52]	Schwarz E, Veiga G D, Álvarez Trentini G, Isla M, Spalletti L. 2018. Expanding the spectrum of shallow-marine,mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems: processes,facies distribution and depositional controls of a siliciclastic-dominated example. Sedimentology, 65: 1558-1589. doi: 10.1111/sed.2018.65.issue-5 URL
[53]	Peng Y X, Guo S B. 2023. Lithofacies analysis and paleosedimentary evolution of Taiyuan Formation in Southern North China Basin. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 220: 111-127.

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鄂尔多斯盆地太原组陆表海多尺度混合沉积特征及沉积模式^*

Multiscale mixed sedimentary characteristics and depositional model in the Taiyuan Formation of epicontinental sea setting,Ordos Basin

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鄂尔多斯盆地太原组陆表海多尺度混合沉积特征及沉积模式*

Multiscale mixed sedimentary characteristics and depositional model in the Taiyuan Formation of epicontinental sea setting,Ordos Basin

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鄂尔多斯盆地太原组陆表海多尺度混合沉积特征及沉积模式^*