陇东地区延长组7<sub>3</sub>亚段细粒沉积岩相分布规律及沉积模式: 基于水槽沉积模拟实验<sup>*</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.01.008

古地理学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (3): 625-640. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.01.008

• 岩相古地理学及沉积学 • 上一篇下一篇

陇东地区延长组7₃亚段细粒沉积岩相分布规律及沉积模式: 基于水槽沉积模拟实验^*

姜道广¹(), 罗顺社¹, 陈亮², 代榕³(), 蒲宇新¹, 周庆安¹, 闫红果¹, 庞锦莲⁴

1 长江大学地球科学学院,湖北武汉 430100
2 中国石油长庆油田分公司第七采油厂,陕西西安 710200
3 长江大学物理与光电工程学院,湖北荆州 434023
4 中国石油长庆油田分公司勘探开发研究院,陕西西安 710018

收稿日期:2024-05-21 修回日期:2024-07-15 出版日期:2025-06-01 发布日期:2025-05-29
通讯作者: 代榕,女,1979年生,博士,副教授,主要从事地球物理应用与沉积模拟实验研究。E-mail: 85552240@qq.com。
作者简介:
姜道广,男,2000年生,硕士研究生,主要从事沉积学研究工作。E-mail: 2821186164@qq.com。
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金项目(42102170)

Distribution law and sedimentary pattern of fine-grained lithofacies in the Chang 7₃ submember of Yanchang Formation in Longdong area: based on flume depositional simulation experiments

JIANG Daoguang¹(), LUO Shunshe¹, CHEN Liang², DAI Rong³(), PU Yuxin¹, ZHOU Qing'an¹, YAN Hongguo¹, PANG Jinlian⁴

1 School of Geosciences,Yangtze University,Wuhan 430100,China
2 The 7th Oil Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield, PetroChina,Xi'an 710200,China
3 School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University,Hubei Jingzhou 434023,China
4 Exploration and Development Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield,PetroChina,Xi'an 710018,China

Received:2024-05-21 Revised:2024-07-15 Online:2025-06-01 Published:2025-05-29
Contact: DAI Rong,born in 1979,Ph.D.,associate professor,is mainly engaged in researches on geophysical applications and experimental research on sedimentation simulation. E-mail: 85552240@qq.com.
About author:
JIANG Daoguang,born in 2000,master's degree candidate,is mainly engaged in research on sedimentology. E-mail: 2821186164@qq.com.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42102170)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组7₃亚段细粒沉积岩相分布和沉积模式,以陇东地区长7₃亚段细粒沉积岩相及沉积序列特征为例,开展了水槽模拟实验。该模拟实验总计13个实验轮次,可划分为3个沉积期,实验过程中借助3D扫描仪、4K高清摄像仪和流速测量仪等测量手段,完成了长7₃亚段细粒沉积过程的定量表征。实验结果表明: (1)陇东地区长7₃亚段主要发育4种岩相,分别为凝灰岩相、粉—细砂岩相、粉砂岩相和泥页岩相,且根据沉积环境特征共识别出9种岩相组合类型; (2)自物源区到深湖区,岩相组合的粒度呈变细的趋势,即随着向湖盆方向的推进,水动力由高动能向低动能转化,凝灰岩、细砂岩和粉—细砂岩沉积厚度变小,而泥岩沉积厚度变大; (3)受古地貌、水动力及物源控制,陇东地区长7₃亚段细粒沉积岩相分布具显著规律性,即斜坡区距离物源近、水动力多处于高动能阶段,主要发育厚层凝灰岩夹薄层泥岩和厚层粉—细砂岩夹薄层泥岩,古脊—沟道区主要发育泥岩与凝灰岩互层、厚层粉砂岩夹薄层泥岩、粉砂岩与泥岩互层、粉—细砂岩与泥岩互层和厚层泥岩夹薄层粉—细砂岩,深湖区典型岩相为厚层泥岩夹凝灰岩和厚层泥岩夹薄层粉砂岩。依据上述实验结果,认为陇东地区长7₃亚段沉积时期,水动力条件的变化控制着细粒沉积岩相组合发育类型,物源供给的强弱影响着细粒沉积岩相组合发育规模,古地貌单元类型直接影响了水体能量变化和细粒沉积物的搬运沉积,三者共同作用,决定了细粒沉积岩相组合的空间分布。本次水槽沉积模拟实验建立的深水细粒沉积模式,对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组长7₃亚段页岩油油气勘探与开发具有重要的指导意义。

关键词: 细粒沉积, 岩相分布, 沉积模式, 水槽实验, 延长组, 陇东地区, 鄂尔多斯盆地

Abstract:

To investigate the spatial distribution and depositional patterns of fine-grained lithofacies in the Chang 7₃ submember of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area of Ordos Basin, a series of flume simulation experiments were conducted. The experimental design consisted of 13 rounds grouped into three depositional stages. Quantitative data on the fine-grained depositional processes were acquired using a 3D scanner, 4K high-resolution video capture, and flow velocity sensors. The experimental results show that: (1)Four main lithofacies were identified in the experiments: tuff, fine- to very fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone. Based on depositional environment characteristics, nine lithofacies assemblage types were recognized; (2)From the sediment source to the deep lacustrine area, a progressive fining trend in lithofacies is observed. Hydrodynamic energy decreases basinward, leading to reduced thicknesses of tuff and sandstone deposits and increased accumulation of mudstone; (3)The paleomorphology, hydrodynamics and material source control fine-grained sedimentary lithology distribution with remarkable regularity. The typical rock phases in the deep lake area are thick mudstone interbedded with tuff and thick mudstone interbedded with thin layer of siltstone; Hydrodynamic regime governs the types of fine-grained lithofacies assemblages. The scale of their development is influenced by the strength of sediment supply. In addition, the nature of paleogeomorphic units affects water energy distribution and sediment transport pathways, ultimately determining the spatial configuration of lithofacies assemblages. The experimental results provide a conceptual model of fine-grained deposition under deep-water conditions, offering valuable guidance for shale oil and gas exploration in the Chang 7₃ submember of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area, Ordos Basin.

Key words: fine-grained sediments, petrographic distribution, sedimentary pattern, flume experiments, Yanchang Formation, Longdong area, Ordos Basin

中图分类号:

P512.2

姜道广, 罗顺社, 陈亮, 代榕, 蒲宇新, 周庆安, 闫红果, 庞锦莲. 陇东地区延长组7₃亚段细粒沉积岩相分布规律及沉积模式: 基于水槽沉积模拟实验^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(3): 625-640.

JIANG Daoguang, LUO Shunshe, CHEN Liang, DAI Rong, PU Yuxin, ZHOU Qing'an, YAN Hongguo, PANG Jinlian. Distribution law and sedimentary pattern of fine-grained lithofacies in the Chang 7₃ submember of Yanchang Formation in Longdong area: based on flume depositional simulation experiments[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(3): 625-640.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2025/V27/I3/625

图/表 18

图1 鄂尔多斯盆地构造单元(据吕奇奇等,2023)及N228井长7₃亚段地层柱状图

Fig.1 Tectonic units in Ordos Basin(after Lü et al., 2023)and stratigraphic histogram of the Chang 7₃ submember in Well N228

图2 鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7₃亚段沉积期古地貌原型(据杨哲翰等,2023)

Fig.2 Palaeomorphologic prototype during the depositional period of Chang 7₃ submember in Longdong area, Ordos Basin(after Yang et al., 2023)

图3 鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7₃亚段水槽模拟实验装置及实验古地貌底形 a—水槽实验古地貌底型; b—水槽模拟实验装置

Fig.3 Flume simulation experimental equipment and paleogeomorphic bottom geometry of the Chang 7₃ submember in Longdong area, Ordos Basin

图4 水槽模拟实验材料样品照片

Fig.4 Photographs of experimental material samples used in flume simulation experiment

表1 水槽模拟实验参数设计

Table1 Parametric design of flume simulation experiment

沉积期次	实验轮次	时长 /h	水位 /cm	初始流速 /m·s^-1	沉积物组成
第1期	1	6	86.0~83.0	0.2	3︰1(凝灰质︰泥)
	2	12	83.0~80.0	0.2	纯泥质
	3	9	80.0~77.0	0.2	1︰1(凝灰质︰泥)
	4	12	77.0~74.0	0.2	纯泥质(夹少量粉沙)
	5	12	74.0~71.0	0.2	纯泥质(夹少量粉沙)
	6	10	71.0~68.0	0.2	1︰5(凝灰质︰泥)
	7	12	68.0~65.0	0.2	纯泥质
第2期	8	7	65.0~62.0	0.2	1︰2(粉沙︰泥)
	9	9	62.0~59.0	0.2	1︰1(粉沙︰泥)
	10	7	59.0~56.0	0.2	2︰1(粉沙︰泥)
第3期	11	7	56.0~53.0	0.2	1︰1︰4(细沙︰粉沙︰泥)
	12	9	53.0~50.0	0.2	1︰1︰2(细沙︰粉沙︰泥)
	13	6	50.0~47.0	0.2	2︰1︰1(细沙︰粉沙︰泥)

图5 水槽模拟实验沉积现象及剖面图 a—古脊分流; b—近—远物源水流形态; c—古脊处迎流面和背流面沉积图; d—沉积剖面厚度素描(X=1.2 m);e—中央纵剖面(X=1.2 m)

Fig.5 Sedimentation phenomena and profiles of flume simulation experiment

图6 水槽模拟实验过程中3个沉积期的沉积增量 a—第1沉积期沉积增量; b—第2沉积期沉积增量; c—第3沉积期沉积增量

Fig.6 Sedimentary increment maps for three depositional periods of flume simulation experiment

图7 水槽模拟实验结果的切片位置平面示意图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of slicing position of flume simulation experimental result

图8 水槽模拟实验中发育的4种岩相 a—凝灰岩相(Y=1 m横剖面,X=1.2~1.5 m处);b—粉砂岩相(Y=2.6 m横剖面,X=0.9~1.2 m处);c—粉—细砂岩相(Y=2.6 m横剖面,X=0.6~0.9 m处);d—泥岩相(Y=2.7 m横剖面,X=1.2~1.5 m处)

Fig.8 Four lithofacies developed in flume simulation experiment

图9 水槽模拟实验中的岩相组合剖面特征 a—厚层凝灰岩夹薄层泥岩(Y=1.1 m横剖面,X=0.6~0.9 m处);b—泥岩与凝灰岩互层(Y=3.5 m横剖面,X=0.9~1.2 m处);c—厚层泥岩夹薄层凝灰岩(Y=4.7 m横剖面,X=0.6~0.9 m处);d—厚层泥岩夹薄层粉砂岩(Y=4.5 m横剖面,X=1.5~1.8 m处);e—粉砂岩与泥岩互层(Y=3.8 m横剖面,X=0.6~0.9 m处);f—厚层粉砂岩夹薄层泥岩(Y=2.9 m横剖面,X=1.2~1.5 m处);g—厚层泥岩夹薄层粉—细砂岩(Y=4.1 m横剖面,X=1.5~1.8 m处);h—粉—细砂岩与泥岩互层(Y=3.5 m横剖面,X=0.6~0.9 m处);i—厚层粉—细砂岩夹薄层泥岩(Y=2.0 m横剖面,X=1.2~1.5 m处)

Fig.9 Characteristics of developed lithologic assemblage profile in flume simulation experiment

图10 水槽模拟实验的岩相分布横纵剖面特征 a—X=1.2 m纵剖面; b—Y=3.5 m横剖面

Fig.10 Cross and longitudinal sections of lithologic distribution of flume simulation experiment

图11 水槽模拟实验岩相组合分布平面图组合Ⅰ: 厚层凝灰岩夹薄层泥岩; 组合Ⅱ: 泥岩与凝灰岩互层; 组合Ⅲ: 厚层泥岩夹薄层凝灰岩; 组合Ⅳ: 厚层泥岩夹薄层粉砂岩; 组合Ⅴ: 粉砂岩与泥岩互层; 组合Ⅵ: 厚层粉砂岩夹薄层泥岩; 组合Ⅶ: 厚层泥岩夹薄层粉—细砂岩; 组合Ⅷ: 粉—细砂岩与泥岩互层;组合Ⅸ: 厚层粉—细砂岩夹薄层泥岩

Fig.11 Plan view of lithologic assemblages distribution in flume simulation experiment

图12 鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7₃亚段岩相组合分布平面图组合Ⅰ: 厚层凝灰岩夹薄层泥岩; 组合Ⅱ: 泥岩与凝灰岩互层; 组合Ⅲ: 厚层泥岩夹薄层凝灰岩; 组合Ⅳ: 厚层泥岩夹薄层粉砂岩; 组合Ⅴ: 粉砂岩与泥岩互层; 组合Ⅵ: 厚层粉砂岩夹薄层泥岩; 组合Ⅶ: 厚层泥岩夹薄层粉—细砂岩; 组合Ⅷ: 粉—细砂岩与泥岩互层;组合Ⅸ: 厚层粉—细砂岩夹薄层泥岩

Fig.12 Plan view of lithologic assemblages distribution of the Chang 7₃ submember in Longdong area, Ordos Basin

图13 水槽模拟实验各古地貌单元沉积特征 a—坡脚处砂体剖面(X=0.9 m横剖面,Y=1.3~1.8 m处);b—古脊处剖面及厚度素描图(Y=3.5 m横剖面);c—深洼处沉积体剖面(Y=4.7 m横剖面)

Fig.13 Sedimentary characteristics of each palaeogeographic unit in flume simulation experiment

图14 水槽模拟实验的中央纵剖面(X=1.2 m)水动力阶段模式

Fig.14 Hydrodynamic stage pattern of central longitudinal section(X=1.2 m) in flume simulation experiment

图15 水槽模拟实验沉积剖面上发育的沉积构造 a—块状层理,Y=1.3~1.8 m;b—低角度斜层理,Y=4.25~4.75 m;c—火焰状构造,Y=4.125~4.25 m;d—透镜状砂体,Y=4.7~5.0 m

Fig.15 Sedimentary structures developed on vertical profile in flume simulation experiment

表2 水槽模拟实验3个沉积期沉积厚度统计

Table 2 Sediment thickness in three sedimentary periods of flume simulation experiment

沉积期次	距离物源垂直距离 /m	侧翼平均厚度 /cm	中部平均厚度 /cm
第1期	1.0	8.5	9.8
	2.0	7.6	10.9
	3.0	7.0	7.0
	4.0	6.9	7.1
	4.5	7.5	6.1
第2期	1.0	4.9	5.8
	2.0	6.9	9.3
	3.0	4.8	5.4
	4.0	2.7	2.6
	4.5	2.0	1.9
第3期	1.0	4.3	3.8
	2.0	4.4	3.9
	3.0	3.3	3.4
	4.0	2.8	2.8
	4.5	2.7	2.6

图16 鄂尔多斯盆地长7₃亚段细粒沉积体系模式

Fig.16 Depositional model of fine-grained sedimentary system of the Chang 7₃ submember in Ordos Basin

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陇东地区延长组7₃亚段细粒沉积岩相分布规律及沉积模式: 基于水槽沉积模拟实验^*

Distribution law and sedimentary pattern of fine-grained lithofacies in the Chang 7₃ submember of Yanchang Formation in Longdong area: based on flume depositional simulation experiments

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陇东地区延长组73亚段细粒沉积岩相分布规律及沉积模式: 基于水槽沉积模拟实验*

Distribution law and sedimentary pattern of fine-grained lithofacies in the Chang 73 submember of Yanchang Formation in Longdong area: based on flume depositional simulation experiments

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陇东地区延长组7₃亚段细粒沉积岩相分布规律及沉积模式: 基于水槽沉积模拟实验^*

Distribution law and sedimentary pattern of fine-grained lithofacies in the Chang 7₃ submember of Yanchang Formation in Longdong area: based on flume depositional simulation experiments