准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积特征及古环境恢复<sup>*</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.063

古地理学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (3): 541-559. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.063

• 岩相古地理学及沉积学 • 下一篇

准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积特征及古环境恢复^*

关旭同¹(), 王国荣², 孙潇², 张亚楠¹, 初亚男¹, 任楚梵¹, 吴朝东¹()

1 北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室,地球与空间科学学院,北京 100871
2 核工业二一六大队,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011

收稿日期:2025-01-21 修回日期:2025-02-13 出版日期:2025-06-01 发布日期:2025-05-29
通讯作者: 吴朝东,男,1965 年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积学和储层地质学研究。E-mail: cdwu@pku.edu.cn。
作者简介:
关旭同,男,1996年生,博士后,主要从事沉积学研究。E-mail: guanxt@pku.edu.cn。
基金资助:
*新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2024A03003)

Sedimentary characteristics of the Late Jurassic eolian and alluvial deposits in southern margin of Junggar Basin and palaeoenvironment reconstruction

GUAN Xutong¹(), WANG Guorong², SUN Xiao², ZHANG Ya'nan¹, CHU Ya'nan¹, REN Chufan¹, WU Chaodong¹()

1 Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution,Ministry of Education,School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University,Beijing 100871,China
2 Geologic Party No.216,China National Nuclear Corporation,Urümqi 830011,China

Received:2025-01-21 Revised:2025-02-13 Online:2025-06-01 Published:2025-05-29
Contact: WU Chaodong,born in 1965,is a professor and Ph.D. supervisor of Peking University. He is mainly engaged in sedimentology and reservoir geology. E-mail: cdwu@pku.edu.cn.
About author:
GUAN Xutong,born in 1996,postdoctoral position,is mainly engaged in sedimentary geology. E-mail: guanxt@pku.edu.cn.
Supported by:
Major Science and Technology Project of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2024A03003)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中亚内陆地区晚侏罗世气候干旱化,准噶尔盆地发育风成沉积,该风成沉积的分布范围和共存的沉积体系还有待研究。为探究该问题,作者对准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统进行了详细的沉积学考察,发现喀拉扎组风成沉积位于侏罗系—白垩系不整合面之下,沉积记录范围东西向可达100 km,最厚处约250 m,其中建功煤矿剖面的风成沉积砂体厚度十余米,受到多期砾质辫状河的冲刷。风成沙具有较好的成分成熟度和结构成熟度,以跳跃组分为主。风成沙丘具有大型高角度交错层理和反粒序层理,风成沙席发育平行层理和低角度交错层理,侧向延续性好。河流沙和同期的风成沙具有相似的粒度组成和沉积物源,古风向与河流古流向正交,这说明了风成物源来自于附近河流沙,河流沙来自于风成沙地。晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积体系受到气候干旱化和天山构造活动的控制,气候干旱导致沉积物供给减少,基准面上升,辫状河转换为季节性曲流河; 天山的构造活化导致基准面下降,在准噶尔盆地南缘风成沉积扩大,且形成广泛分布的冲积扇砾岩。准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗纪至早白垩世沉积环境发生了从沼泽遍布的河流—三角洲体系演化到风成—冲积沉积体系、再到湖泊—三角洲沉积体系的2次重要变化,记录了中亚地区晚侏罗世气候变干和早白垩世气候转为半湿润的气候变化,可能与侏罗纪真极移事件和古天山水汽阻隔有关。

关键词: 喀拉扎砾岩, 侏罗系—白垩系不整合面, 盆缘沉积, 干旱环境, 无人机建模, 准噶尔盆地

Abstract:

The Late Jurassic climate in Central Asia was arid. The existence of the eolian deposits of the Junggar Basin in the southern Central Asia is contentious. In order for a better understanding of these eolian deposits,here we conducted detailed sedimentary investigations on the Upper Jurassic strata of the southern Junggar Basin. The eolian deposits of the Kalazha Formation underlie the Jurassic-Cretaceous unconformity. The sedimentary records extend ~100 km from east to west. The thickest eolian deposits are ~250 m in thickness. The Jiangong mine section exhibits approximately 10-meter-thick eolian deposits and several stages of gravely braided river deposits. The eolian sands show high compositional and textural maturity and are mainly composed of saltation grains. The eolian dune deposits show large-scale,high-angle cross-bedding and inverse-grading. The eolian sheet deposits develop low-angle oblique and parallel laminations with good lateral continuity. The river sands and coeval eolian sands have similar grain-size distribution and sediment sources. The paleo-wind direction is orthogonal to the river flow direction. These suggest that the eolian sands were sourced from river sands and the river sands were partly from the eolian dune field. The eolian-fluvial system was controlled by the Late Jurassic aridification and tectonic activities of the Tianshan orogen. The aridity caused the decrease of sediment supply and the rise of the base level,which caused the expansion of the eolian deposits. The tectonic reactivation of the Tianshan led to dropping of the base level,the formation of Kalazha alluvial conglomerates. The Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous sedimentary environments of the southern Junggar Basin witnessed two important changes: the marshy fluvial-lacustrine sedimentary system changed to eolian-alluvial system,and subsequently evolved to lacustrine-delta system. These climatic changes may be related to the Jurassic true polar wander and block of the moisture by the paleo-Tianshan.

Key words: Kalazha conglomerate, Jurassic-Cretaceous unconformity, basin margin sedimentation, arid environment, unmanned aerial vehicle modeling, Junggar Basin

中图分类号:

P512.21

关旭同, 王国荣, 孙潇, 张亚楠, 初亚男, 任楚梵, 吴朝东. 准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积特征及古环境恢复^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(3): 541-559.

GUAN Xutong, WANG Guorong, SUN Xiao, ZHANG Ya'nan, CHU Ya'nan, REN Chufan, WU Chaodong. Sedimentary characteristics of the Late Jurassic eolian and alluvial deposits in southern margin of Junggar Basin and palaeoenvironment reconstruction[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(3): 541-559.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2025/V27/I3/541

图/表 12

图1 晚侏罗世亚洲古地理图(a;Scotese,2016)、准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统—下白垩统地层分布(b)和地层综合柱状图(c;Guan et al., 2024) 为清楚展示地层展布,图中的上侏罗统—下白垩统分布范围稍有夸大

Fig.1 Late Jurassic palaeogeographic map of Asia(a;Scotese,2016),stratigraphic distribution (b),and comprehensive stratigraphic column(c;Guan et al., 2024) of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous in southern margin of Junggar Basin

图2 准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统—下白垩统沉积对比(修改自Guan et al., 2024)

Fig.2 Sedimentary correlation of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous in southern margin of Junggar Basin(modified from Guan et al., 2024)

表1 准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统—下白垩统沉积相

Table1 Sedimentary facies of the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of southern margin of Junggar Basin

岩相代码
砾岩岩相	Gmm	数十米厚细砾岩至中砾岩	杂基支撑,块状构造,喀拉扎组中见震积构造	快速沉积
	Gcm	数分米至数米厚细砾岩	颗粒支撑,部分发育交错层理,部分为块状构造,发育砾石叠瓦状或水平排列	牵引流或受湖流改造
砂岩岩相	Sr	数厘米至数分米厚细砂岩或粉砂岩	浪成或者流水波痕和沙纹层理	波成或流水波痕迁移
	Sc	数厘米至数分米厚细砂岩或中砂岩	变形层理,部分为包卷层理	水塑性(hydroplastic)或液化变形
	Sm	数米厚中砂岩或粗砂岩	块状构造	快速沉积
	Sh	数厘米至数分米厚中砂岩或粗砂岩	平行层理和流水线理	具有上部流动机制的牵引流
	Sp	数分米厚细砂岩至粗砂岩	板状交错层理	二维床砂底形(bedform)迁移
	St	数分米厚中砂岩至粗砂岩	槽状交错层理	三维床砂底形(沙丘)迁移
	Sgf	数米至数十米厚中砂岩至粗砂岩	数米厚高角度交错层理	风成波痕迁移和边界流分离带中颗粒飘落的产物
泥岩和粉砂岩相	Fsm	数厘米至数分米厚的细砂岩、粉砂岩或泥岩	泥裂、钙质结核、生物扰动(Scoyenia遗迹相)	悬浮沉积,伴随暴露事件
	Fl	数厘米至数分米厚的细砂岩、粉砂岩或泥岩	水平层理,薄层泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩和石膏互层沉积	静水悬浮沉降,交替有溢岸沉积、蒸发盐沉积

表2 准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统—下白垩统主要岩相组合及沉积相解释

Table2 Primary lithofacies association and interpretation of sedimentary facies of the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of southern margin of Junggar Basin

岩相组合	地层	沉积构型	沉积相解释
岩相组合1.1 —Sgf,Sh	上侏罗统齐古组和喀拉扎组	高角度槽状和板状交错层理(图5-a,5-c,5-d);反粒序层理(图5-b);具有好、中等分选的次棱角状至次圆状的中、细砂岩(图7-a,7-b);碟形、新月形撞击坑(Guan et al., 2024);以跳跃颗粒为主(图7-a)	风成沙丘。具有颗粒流(grainflow)层和颗粒飘落(grainfall)层(Hunter,1977;Mountney,2006)
岩相组合1.2 —Sc,Fsm,Fl		Scoyenia遗迹化石(Guan et al., 2024)、泥裂(图5-e)	丘间沉积。间发性暴露出水面(Frey et al., 1984;Buatois and Mángano, 2004)
岩相组合1.3 —Sh,Sr		分选好的次棱角状至次圆状的细砂岩(Guan et al., 2024);平行或低角度层理(图3;图5-g);厚度为10~100 m(图3-c,3-f),侧向延伸超过1500 m(图3-f);风成波痕(Guan et al., 2024)	风成沙席。具有平移层理(translatent strara;Hunter,1977;Fryberger et al., 1979;Kocurek and Dott,1981)
岩相组合2 —Gcm,Sp, St,Sr,Fsm	上侏罗统齐古组、喀拉扎组和下白垩统清水河组	数米厚的透镜状、板状或带状的砂体(图4;图5;图8),沉积序列一般由Sp、St、Sr和Fsm组成,在部分沉积序列底部发育Gcm,砂岩颗粒具有中等分选、棱角状至次圆状的特点(图6-c,6-d,6-f),包括跳跃和滚动组分(图7-b)	河流。砂体底部的颗粒支撑砾岩(Gcm)为河道底部滞留沉积(Allen,1965;Hein and Walker,1977)
岩相组合3 —Gmm,Gcm, Sm,Sp,St	上侏罗统喀拉扎组	数十米厚的Gmm和数米厚的Sm,也可见一些Gcm,Sp和St(图9)	冲积扇。包括泥石流沉积、片流沉积和河道沉积(Nemec and Steel,1984;Blair and McPherson,1994)

表2 准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统—下白垩统主要岩相组合及沉积相解释

Table2 Primary lithofacies association and interpretation of sedimentary facies of the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of southern margin of Junggar Basin

岩相组合	地层	沉积构型	沉积相解释
岩相组合1.1 —Sgf,Sh	上侏罗统齐古组和喀拉扎组	高角度槽状和板状交错层理(图5-a,5-c,5-d);反粒序层理(图5-b);具有好、中等分选的次棱角状至次圆状的中、细砂岩(图7-a,7-b);碟形、新月形撞击坑(Guan et al., 2024);以跳跃颗粒为主(图7-a)	风成沙丘。具有颗粒流(grainflow)层和颗粒飘落(grainfall)层(Hunter,1977;Mountney,2006)
岩相组合1.2 —Sc,Fsm,Fl		Scoyenia遗迹化石(Guan et al., 2024)、泥裂(图5-e)	丘间沉积。间发性暴露出水面(Frey et al., 1984;Buatois and Mángano, 2004)
岩相组合1.3 —Sh,Sr		分选好的次棱角状至次圆状的细砂岩(Guan et al., 2024);平行或低角度层理(图3;图5-g);厚度为10~100 m(图3-c,3-f),侧向延伸超过1500 m(图3-f);风成波痕(Guan et al., 2024)	风成沙席。具有平移层理(translatent strara;Hunter,1977;Fryberger et al., 1979;Kocurek and Dott,1981)
岩相组合2 —Gcm,Sp, St,Sr,Fsm	上侏罗统齐古组、喀拉扎组和下白垩统清水河组	数米厚的透镜状、板状或带状的砂体(图4;图5;图8),沉积序列一般由Sp、St、Sr和Fsm组成,在部分沉积序列底部发育Gcm,砂岩颗粒具有中等分选、棱角状至次圆状的特点(图6-c,6-d,6-f),包括跳跃和滚动组分(图7-b)	河流。砂体底部的颗粒支撑砾岩(Gcm)为河道底部滞留沉积(Allen,1965;Hein and Walker,1977)
岩相组合3 —Gmm,Gcm, Sm,Sp,St	上侏罗统喀拉扎组	数十米厚的Gmm和数米厚的Sm,也可见一些Gcm,Sp和St(图9)	冲积扇。包括泥石流沉积、片流沉积和河道沉积(Nemec and Steel,1984;Blair and McPherson,1994)

图3 准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统喀拉扎组典型风成沉积 a—来自GoogleEarth^TM软件的卫星图像; b—喀拉扎山剖面无人机建模区域(87°10'17.76″E, 43°46'12.33″N);c—喀拉扎山剖面风成沉积砂体构型; d—头屯河剖面风成沉积(87°15'38.88″E, 43°47'2.24″N);e—王家沟剖面无人机建模区域(87°19'4.43″E, 43°47'53.04″N),模型可在DDE outcrop3D网站上查看(SFT01-Wangjiagou): https://outcrop3d.deep-time.org/?model=62f81418-7121-901c-6736-412354b137c6;f—王家沟剖面风成沉积砂体构型;风成沉积的界面识别采用Mountney(2006)的方案,包括风成叠加面(S)、风成再作用面和风成沙丘间迁移面(Ⅰ)(Guan et al.,2024)

Fig.3 Typical eolian deposits of the Upper Jurassic Kalazha Formation in southern margin of Junggar Basin

图4 准噶尔盆地南缘建功煤矿剖面侏罗系—白垩系不整合面和上侏罗统喀拉扎组风成沉积

Fig.4 Jurassic-Cretaceous unconformity and the Upper Jurassic Kalazha Formation eolian deposits in Jiangong mine section of southern margin of Junggar Basin

图5 准噶尔盆地南缘建功煤矿剖面上侏罗统喀拉扎组风成沉积和河流沉积 a—大型风成高角度交错层理; b—反粒序层理和颗粒流沉积; c、d—辫状河和风成沉积互层; e—泥裂,丘间沉积; f—叠瓦状河流砾岩冲刷大型高角度交错层理风成砂岩; g、h—喀拉扎组风成沉积上覆齐古组曲流河沉积

Fig.5 Meandering river and eolian deposits of the Upper Jurassic Kalazha Formation in Jiangong mine section of southern margin of Junggar Basin

图6 准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统—下白垩统砂岩显微照片 a—风成沉积,上侏罗统喀拉扎组,建功煤矿剖面; b—曲流河沉积,分选较好,上侏罗统齐古组,建功煤矿剖面; c—曲流河沉积,分选一般,上侏罗统齐古组,建功煤矿剖面; d—扇三角洲沉积,下白垩统清水河组,建功煤矿剖面; e—辫状河沉积,上侏罗统喀拉扎组,建功煤矿剖面; f—碟形坑和新月形坑,头屯河剖面(Guan et al.,2024)。蓝色环氧树脂胶充填孔隙,茜素红S染料染色方解石为红色

Fig.6 Microphotographs of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sandstones in southern margin of Junggar Basin

图7 准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统粒度概率累积曲线 a—风成沉积; b—扇三角洲和河流沉积

Fig.7 Log-probability grain-size distribution curves of Aeolian deposits in the Upper Jurassic of southern margin of Junggar Basin

图8 准噶尔盆地南缘建功煤矿剖面上侏罗统齐古组、喀拉扎组和下白垩统清水河组河流沉积 a—喀拉扎组辫状河沉积,顶界平直,为风蚀丘间迁移面; b—喀拉扎组辫状河水成小型槽状交错层理; c—清水河组厚层叠置辫状河道沉积; d—齐古组决口扇沉积; e—齐古组顶部曲流河小型槽状交错层理,河流砂经过了风力作用的搬运、分选和磨圆,结构成熟度高,与风成砂类似; f—齐古组下部曲流河小型槽状交错层理,河流砂岩为红色岩屑杂砂岩,分选、磨圆差

Fig.8 River deposits of the Upper Jurassic Qigu and Kalazha Formations and Lower Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in Jiangong mine section of southern margin of Junggar Basin

图9 准噶尔盆地南缘玛纳斯剖面喀拉扎组冲积扇砾岩沉积 a、b—喀拉扎组冲积扇沉积可以划分为6个旋回,清水河组湖相沉积上覆于冲积扇砾岩之上; c—冲积扇片流沉积; d—冲积扇河道沉积

Fig.9 Alluvial conglomerates of the Kalazha Formation in Manas section of southern margin of Junggar Basin

图10 中亚地区大气环流模型(a)下的准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积体系(b)

Fig.10 Late Jurassic eolian-alluvial sedimentary system of southern margin of Junggar Basin(b) under the atmospheric circulation model of Central Asia(a)

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准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积特征及古环境恢复^*

Sedimentary characteristics of the Late Jurassic eolian and alluvial deposits in southern margin of Junggar Basin and palaeoenvironment reconstruction

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准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积特征及古环境恢复*

Sedimentary characteristics of the Late Jurassic eolian and alluvial deposits in southern margin of Junggar Basin and palaeoenvironment reconstruction

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准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积特征及古环境恢复^*