Sedimentary facies of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2026.033

Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition） ›› 2026, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (1): 127-145. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.033

• LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY • Previous Articles Next Articles

Sedimentary facies of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

DING Chao¹(), LIN Chunming²(), LIU Jun¹, WEI Weihang², TAN Guyue², ZHANG Xia², HUANG Shuya², LIU Xiaolong¹, CHEN Zhen¹, WANG Sutian¹

1 PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company,Xinjiang Karamay 834000,China
2 School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China

Received:2024-10-06 Revised:2025-01-07 Online:2026-02-01 Published:2026-02-09
Contact: LIN Chunming,born in 1964,is a professor and Ph.D. supervisor. He is mainly engaged in sedimentology and petroleum geology. E-mail: cmlin@nju.edu.cn.
About author:
DING Chao,born in 1982,is a senior engineer. He is mainly engaged in the comprehensive research and management of petroleum geology. E-mail: ptrdc@petroChina.com.cn.
Supported by:
“Detailed study on the conglomerate reservoir of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation from Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin”(C4-24013)

准噶尔盆地西北缘夏77地区三叠系克下组沉积相研究^*

丁超¹(), 林春明²(), 刘军¹, 魏维航², 谭古月², 张霞², 黄舒雅², 刘晓龙¹, 陈朕¹, 王苏天¹

1 中国石油新疆油田分公司,新疆克拉玛依 834000
2 南京大学地球科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023

通讯作者: 林春明,男,1964年生,教授,博士生导师,从事沉积学和石油地质学教学与研究。E-mail: cmlin@nju.edu.cn。
作者简介:
丁超,男,1982年生,高级工程师,主要从事石油地质综合研究及管理工作。E-mail: ptrdc@petroChina.com.cn。
基金资助:
*“准噶尔盆地西北缘夏77区块三叠系克下组砾岩储层精细研究”项目(C4-24013)

Abstract

Abstract:

The Triassic Lower Karamay Formation(T₂k₁)represents the primary target for petroleum exploration in the Xia 77 area,located on the northwest margin of Junggar Basin. Integrating data from drilling,core observations,well logging,and associated analytical experiments,this study applies fundamental principles of sedimentology to analyze the sedimentary facies architecture and evolutionary characteristics of the T₂k₁. The findings reveal the following: (1)The formation was deposited within a shallow-water fan delta system,which is subdivided into two main subfacies: the fan delta plain and the fan delta front. The fan delta front can be further classified into inner and outer front subfacies.(2)Within the fan delta plain,three gravity flow-dominated microfacies were identified: braided channels,floodplains,and debris flows. In the fan delta inner front,two traction flow-dominated microfacies are recognized—subaqueous distributary channels and subaqueous distributary bays. The fan delta outer front is characterized by three traction flow-induced microfacies: subaqueous distributary channels,subaqueous distributary bays,and mouth bars.(3)During the depositional period of the Lower Karamay Formation,the lake basin underwent a gradual deepening,transitioning from shallow to deeper water conditions. This hydrodynamic shift resulted in a regressive sedimentary sequence in response to overall lake transgression. Laterally,the progradational-to-retrogradational evolution of the system led to a northeastward backstepping of the fan delta plain,inner front,and outer front subfacies.

Key words: fan delta, sedimentary facies, Triassic Lower Karamay Formation, Xia 77 area, Northwest margin of Junggar Basin

摘要：

准噶尔盆地西北缘夏77地区三叠系克下组(克拉玛依下亚组,T₂k₁)是油气勘探的重点目的层系。综合钻井、岩心、录测井和分析化验等资料,运用沉积学基本原理和方法,开展了克下组的沉积相及其演化特征研究。结果表明: (1)夏77地区克下组主要发育浅水扇三角洲沉积,划分为扇三角洲平原和扇三角洲前缘亚相,前缘亚相又分内前缘和外前缘。(2)扇三角洲平原亚相发育重力流成因辫状河道、漫滩和碎屑流3种微相;内前缘识别出水下分流河道和水下分流间湾2种微相,牵引流成因较强、重力流成因较弱;外前缘发育牵引流成因水下分流河道、水下分流间湾和河口坝3种微相。(3)克下组沉积时期,湖盆水体由浅变深,地层表现为湖侵退积沉积序列,平面上,扇三角洲平原、内前缘和外前缘亚相向东北方向后退。

关键词: 扇三角洲, 沉积相, 三叠系克下组, 夏77地区, 准噶尔盆地西北缘

CLC Number:

P531

DING Chao, LIN Chunming, LIU Jun, WEI Weihang, TAN Guyue, ZHANG Xia, HUANG Shuya, LIU Xiaolong, CHEN Zhen, WANG Sutian. Sedimentary facies of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2026, 28(1): 127-145.

丁超, 林春明, 刘军, 魏维航, 谭古月, 张霞, 黄舒雅, 刘晓龙, 陈朕, 王苏天. 准噶尔盆地西北缘夏77地区三叠系克下组沉积相研究^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2026, 28(1): 127-145.

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Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1 Geographical position of Xia 77 area and northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Table 1 Stratigraphic division of the Triassic of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

组		砾岩层段		厚度/m	岩性	与下伏地层接触关系
白碱滩组		—		0~190	厚层状灰色、深灰色泥岩	整合
克拉玛依组	克上组(T₂k₂)	—		0~300	砾岩、砂岩、泥岩	整合
	克下组(T₂k₁)	T₂ $k 11$		47.0~86.0/59.4	砾岩、砂岩	整合
		T₂ $k 12$	T₂ $k 1 2 - 1$	46.0~65.0/60.5	砾岩、砂岩、少量泥岩
		T₂ $k 12$	T₂ $k 1 2 - 2$	47.0~67.0/56.9	砾岩、砂岩
		T₂ $k 13$		61.0~92.0/71.2	砾岩、砂岩、少量泥岩
百口泉组		—		100~189	棕色砂质泥岩、泥质细砾岩及砂砾岩	不整合

Table 1 Stratigraphic division of the Triassic of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

组		砾岩层段		厚度/m	岩性	与下伏地层接触关系
白碱滩组		—		0~190	厚层状灰色、深灰色泥岩	整合
克拉玛依组	克上组(T₂k₂)	—		0~300	砾岩、砂岩、泥岩	整合
	克下组(T₂k₁)	T₂ $k 11$		47.0~86.0/59.4	砾岩、砂岩	整合
		T₂ $k 12$	T₂ $k 1 2 - 1$	46.0~65.0/60.5	砾岩、砂岩、少量泥岩
		T₂ $k 12$	T₂ $k 1 2 - 2$	47.0~67.0/56.9	砾岩、砂岩
		T₂ $k 13$		61.0~92.0/71.2	砾岩、砂岩、少量泥岩
百口泉组		—		100~189	棕色砂质泥岩、泥质细砾岩及砂砾岩	不整合

Fig.2 Stratigraphic column of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Fig.3 Seismic profile characteristics of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Table 2 Thickness and percentage of rock in different conglomerate section of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

岩石类型		地层厚度/m					厚度百分比/%
岩石类型		T₂ $k 11$	T₂ $k 1 2 - 1$	T₂ $k 1 2 - 2$	T₂ $k 13$	累计厚度	厚度百分比/%
砾岩	粗—中砾岩	3.30	3.86	0.50	1.68	9.34	4.91	91.96
	中砾岩	6.14	14.79	31.48	21.65	74.06	38.90
	细—中砾岩	1.07	14.31	13.02	5.46	33.86	17.78
	含砂中砾岩	3.13	6.73	15.85	6.63	32.34	16.99
	中—细砾岩	0.00	14.31	4.63	0.29	19.23	10.10
	细砾岩	0.00	0.33	1.31	0.86	2.50	1.31
	砂砾岩	0.00	0.54	2.75	0.47	3.76	1.97
砂岩		2.51	2.91	3.67	3.48	12.57	6.60
泥岩		0.00	2.00	0.00	0.74	2.74	1.44

Table 2 Thickness and percentage of rock in different conglomerate section of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

岩石类型		地层厚度/m					厚度百分比/%
岩石类型		T₂ $k 11$	T₂ $k 1 2 - 1$	T₂ $k 1 2 - 2$	T₂ $k 13$	累计厚度	厚度百分比/%
砾岩	粗—中砾岩	3.30	3.86	0.50	1.68	9.34	4.91	91.96
	中砾岩	6.14	14.79	31.48	21.65	74.06	38.90
	细—中砾岩	1.07	14.31	13.02	5.46	33.86	17.78
	含砂中砾岩	3.13	6.73	15.85	6.63	32.34	16.99
	中—细砾岩	0.00	14.31	4.63	0.29	19.23	10.10
	细砾岩	0.00	0.33	1.31	0.86	2.50	1.31
	砂砾岩	0.00	0.54	2.75	0.47	3.76	1.97
砂岩		2.51	2.91	3.67	3.48	12.57	6.60
泥岩		0.00	2.00	0.00	0.74	2.74	1.44

Fig.4 Lithologic content in different conglomerate sections of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Table 3 Sedimentary facies of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

沉积相	沉积亚相		沉积微相
扇三角洲	扇三角洲平原		辫状河道
			漫滩
			碎屑流带
	扇三角洲前缘	内前缘	水下分流河道
		内前缘	水下分流间湾
		外前缘	水下分流河道
			水下分流间湾
			河口坝
	前扇三角洲		前扇三角洲泥

Table 4 Sedimentary characteristics of fan delta of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

沉积亚相	沉积微相	岩石学特征	沉积构造	测井曲线特征
平原	辫状河道	褐色或杂色粗—中砾岩、中砾岩,砾石分选差,呈次圆—次棱角状,砾石杂乱堆积,呈颗粒支撑、多级颗粒支撑、杂基—多级颗粒支撑和杂基—颗粒支撑	厚层块状构造,砾岩呈片状或舌状,底部见明显的冲刷构造和泥砾	较低的自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,电阻率曲线呈中—高幅钟形或齿形
	漫滩	辫状河道之间未能沉积砂体的地带,发育褐色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩	水平层理发育	高自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,低电阻率,电阻率曲线呈齿化漏斗形
	碎屑流带	洪水初期的碎屑流体沿着峡谷进入扇体中上部的沟槽或扇面之上堆积形成。沉积物主要由砾岩构成,砾石含量在60%~90%之间,分选差,常呈不接触状分布在填隙物中,填隙物为不等粒砂级颗粒及泥质	块状构造,砾岩呈舌状,底部见明显的冲刷构造	高自然伽马、中高电阻率和较低声波时差,曲线总体呈现平直形
内前缘	水下分流河道	浅灰、青灰、青和灰色中砾岩、细—中砾岩、含砂中砾岩,砾石分选较差,磨圆度为次棱角—次圆状,砾石呈颗粒支撑、多级颗粒支撑和杂基—多级颗粒支撑	砾岩底部见明显的冲刷构造和泥砾。砾径向上变小,具弱定向性和递变层理	低自然电位和自然伽马,较低声波时差,电阻率曲线通常呈中—高幅的齿化箱形或钟形,有时呈齿形
	水下分流间湾	褐色泥岩,含少量粉砂、细砂和细砾	水平层理发育	较高的自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,电阻率曲线呈低幅的箱形
外前缘	水下分流河道	灰色或灰绿色中砾岩、细砾岩,分选磨圆中等。砾石呈颗粒支撑、多级颗粒支撑、杂基—多级颗粒支撑和杂基支撑	砾石定向排列	低自然电位和声波时差,自然伽马曲线呈中—高幅的钟形,电阻率曲线通常呈高幅的齿化箱形或钟形
	水下分流间湾	棕褐色、灰色泥岩或粉砂质泥岩,具纹层结构	水平层理发育	高自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,低电阻率,电阻率曲线呈齿化漏斗形
	河口坝	细砂—粗砂岩,砾石呈漂浮状具有弱定向性	发育递变、块状和平行层理,以及多期冲刷面和泥砾	较高的自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,较低电阻率,电阻率曲线呈小幅箱形
前扇三角洲	前扇三角洲泥	浅灰色泥岩为主,偶见薄层棕色泥岩,夹少量粉砂岩条带或砂质团块	水平层理发育,偶有波状层理、透镜状层理	自然电位曲线平直,电阻率曲线呈低值的小齿状

Table 4 Sedimentary characteristics of fan delta of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

沉积亚相	沉积微相	岩石学特征	沉积构造	测井曲线特征
平原	辫状河道	褐色或杂色粗—中砾岩、中砾岩,砾石分选差,呈次圆—次棱角状,砾石杂乱堆积,呈颗粒支撑、多级颗粒支撑、杂基—多级颗粒支撑和杂基—颗粒支撑	厚层块状构造,砾岩呈片状或舌状,底部见明显的冲刷构造和泥砾	较低的自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,电阻率曲线呈中—高幅钟形或齿形
	漫滩	辫状河道之间未能沉积砂体的地带,发育褐色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩	水平层理发育	高自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,低电阻率,电阻率曲线呈齿化漏斗形
	碎屑流带	洪水初期的碎屑流体沿着峡谷进入扇体中上部的沟槽或扇面之上堆积形成。沉积物主要由砾岩构成,砾石含量在60%~90%之间,分选差,常呈不接触状分布在填隙物中,填隙物为不等粒砂级颗粒及泥质	块状构造,砾岩呈舌状,底部见明显的冲刷构造	高自然伽马、中高电阻率和较低声波时差,曲线总体呈现平直形
内前缘	水下分流河道	浅灰、青灰、青和灰色中砾岩、细—中砾岩、含砂中砾岩,砾石分选较差,磨圆度为次棱角—次圆状,砾石呈颗粒支撑、多级颗粒支撑和杂基—多级颗粒支撑	砾岩底部见明显的冲刷构造和泥砾。砾径向上变小,具弱定向性和递变层理	低自然电位和自然伽马,较低声波时差,电阻率曲线通常呈中—高幅的齿化箱形或钟形,有时呈齿形
	水下分流间湾	褐色泥岩,含少量粉砂、细砂和细砾	水平层理发育	较高的自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,电阻率曲线呈低幅的箱形
外前缘	水下分流河道	灰色或灰绿色中砾岩、细砾岩,分选磨圆中等。砾石呈颗粒支撑、多级颗粒支撑、杂基—多级颗粒支撑和杂基支撑	砾石定向排列	低自然电位和声波时差,自然伽马曲线呈中—高幅的钟形,电阻率曲线通常呈高幅的齿化箱形或钟形
	水下分流间湾	棕褐色、灰色泥岩或粉砂质泥岩,具纹层结构	水平层理发育	高自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,低电阻率,电阻率曲线呈齿化漏斗形
	河口坝	细砂—粗砂岩,砾石呈漂浮状具有弱定向性	发育递变、块状和平行层理,以及多期冲刷面和泥砾	较高的自然电位、自然伽马和声波时差,较低电阻率,电阻率曲线呈小幅箱形
前扇三角洲	前扇三角洲泥	浅灰色泥岩为主,偶见薄层棕色泥岩,夹少量粉砂岩条带或砂质团块	水平层理发育,偶有波状层理、透镜状层理	自然电位曲线平直,电阻率曲线呈低值的小齿状

Fig.5 Sedimentary characteristics of fan delta plain subfacies of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Fig.6 Typical characteristics of core section of the fan delta plain and inner front subfacies of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Fig.7 Sedimentary characteristics of the fan delta inner front subfacies of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Fig.8 Characteristics of granularity probability accumulation curves and frequency distribution curves of fan delta front reservoir of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Fig.9 Typical characteristics of core section of the fan delta outer front subfacies of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Fig.10 Sedimentary characteristics of the fan delta outer front subfacies of Well Xia 042 in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Fig.11 Sedimentary facies profile of connecting wells in the direction of provenance of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin

Fig.12 Sedimentary facies distribution of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin a—T₂

k 13

;b—T₂

k 1 2 - 2

;c—T₂

k 1 2 - 1

;d—T₂

k 11

Fig.12 Sedimentary facies distribution of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation of Xia 77 area in northwest margin of Junggar Basin a—T₂ $k 13$ ;b—T₂ $k 1 2 - 2$ ;c—T₂ $k 1 2 - 1$ ;d—T₂ $k 11$

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