Sedimentological study of phosphorite deposits based on “Phosphate Factory” model: a case study of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation phosphorites in central Guizhou Province,China

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.091

Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition） ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (5): 1081-1103. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.091

• PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES • Next Articles

Sedimentological study of phosphorite deposits based on “Phosphate Factory” model: a case study of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation phosphorites in central Guizhou Province,China

DU Yuansheng¹(), GUO Hua¹, ZHANG Yaguan¹, LIU Jianzhong², WANG Zepeng³, WU Wenming³, CHEN Guoyong², ZHAO Zheng⁴, DENG Chao⁵

1 China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
2 Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration Development of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550004, China
3 Geological Brigade 105, Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration Development of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550018, China
4 Geological Brigade 104, Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration Development of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Duyun 558000, China
5 Geological Brigade 115, Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration Development of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Qingzhen 551400, China

Received:2025-04-13 Revised:2025-05-30 Online:2025-10-01 Published:2025-09-30
About author:
DU Yuansheng,born in 1958,is a professor and Ph.D. supervisor of China University of Geosciences(Wuhan). He is mainly engaged in the researches of sedimentary geology. E-mail: duyuansheng126@126.com.
Supported by:
Ministry of Natural Resources-Guizhou Province Pilot Cooperation Project(2023ZRBSHZ060); Phosphate Ore Survey and Evaluation Project in Bijie Region,Guizhou Province

基于“磷酸盐工厂”的磷矿沉积学研究: 以黔中地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷矿为例^*

杜远生¹(), 郭华¹, 张亚冠¹, 刘建中², 王泽鹏³, 吴文明³, 陈国勇², 赵征⁴, 邓超⁵

1 中国地质大学(武汉), 湖北武汉 430074
2 贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局, 贵州贵阳 550004
3 贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局 105地质队, 贵州贵阳 550018
4 贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局 104地质大队, 贵州都匀 558000
5 贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局 115地质大队, 贵州清镇 551400

作者简介:
杜远生,男,1958年生,中国地质大学(武汉)教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积地质学研究。E-mail: duyuansheng126@126.com。
基金资助:
*部省合作试点项目(2023ZRBSHZ060); 贵州省毕节地区磷矿调查评价项目联合资助

Abstract

Abstract:

The Ediacaran(Sinian) Doushantuo Formation in the central Guizhou Province represents a significant phosphorite metallogenic province hosting high-grade phosphate deposits in China. To elucidate the metallogenic geological conditions,deposit characteristics,and mineralization processes of the Doushantuo Formation phosphorites in the central Guizhou region, based on the principles of ore sedimentology and “Phosphate Factory”model,this study systematically investigates the phosphorite-bearing series through an integrated analysis of petrology,sedimentary facies and palaeogeography. Our research indicates that the primary phosphorites of the Doushantuo Formation in central Guizhou are dominated by intraclastic phosphorites(including sandy,gravelly,and silty intraclasts),with minor amounts of oolitic,peloidal,bioclastic,and stromatolitic phosphorites. The phosphorite ores are primarily characterized by phosphatic cement overgrowths and dolomitic cements in the pore,with subordinate clay matrix infillings. Secondary phosphorites include earthy to semi-earthy varieties,as well as brecciated and silicified phosphorites. Palaeogeographic studies reveal that the phosphorites mainly formed in an open beach environment along the northern and eastern margins of the central Guizhou Oldland,with localized development of stromatolitic phosphorites in tidal flat settings. The phosphorite horizons(Phosphorite-A and Phosphorite-B)are controlled by two transgressive-regressive cycles. The high-grade phosphorites in the Ediacaran(Sinian) Doushantuo Formation of central Guizhou underwent a three-stage mineralization process: initial phosphate precipitation,wave-winnowing concentration,and secondary leaching enrichment. Based on this framework,we propose an open-shoreline mineralization model for the Doushantuo phosphorites.

Key words: phosphorite, phosphate factory, ore sedimentology, Ediacaran(Sinian), Guizhou Province

摘要：

贵州黔中地区是中国埃迪卡拉(震旦)系陡山沱组富磷矿的重要矿集区,为了揭示黔中地区陡山沱组磷矿的成矿地质条件、矿床地质特征和成矿地质作用过程,以矿产沉积学的思想为主导,以“磷酸盐工厂”的理论为基础,通过含矿岩系的岩石学、沉积相和古地理等手段进行系统研究。研究表明,黔中地区陡山沱组原生磷矿以内碎屑(包括砂屑、砾屑、粉屑)磷矿为主,含少量鲕粒状磷矿、生物颗粒或球粒磷矿及叠层石磷矿。矿石填隙物包括胶结物和基质,其中胶结物为围绕磷质颗粒增生的磷灰石胶结物和孔隙内的白云石胶结物,基质为黏土质。次生磷矿包括渣土状、土状—半土状磷矿和碎裂及硅化磷块岩。古地理研究表明磷矿主要形成于黔中古陆北部、东部边缘的无障壁海滩沉积环境,局部发育磷质叠层石为特色的潮坪。磷矿层位(A矿层和B矿层)受2期海侵—海退旋回制约。黔中埃迪卡拉(震旦)纪陡山沱组富磷矿经历了初始成矿作用、波浪簸选富集成矿、淋滤富集成矿三阶段成矿过程,在此基础上建立了陡山沱组磷矿无障壁海滩的成矿模式。

关键词: 磷矿, 磷酸盐工厂, 矿产沉积学, 埃迪卡拉(震旦)纪, 贵州省

CLC Number:

P588.24+4

DU Yuansheng, GUO Hua, ZHANG Yaguan, LIU Jianzhong, WANG Zepeng, WU Wenming, CHEN Guoyong, ZHAO Zheng, DENG Chao. Sedimentological study of phosphorite deposits based on “Phosphate Factory” model: a case study of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation phosphorites in central Guizhou Province,China[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(5): 1081-1103.

杜远生, 郭华, 张亚冠, 刘建中, 王泽鹏, 吴文明, 陈国勇, 赵征, 邓超. 基于“磷酸盐工厂”的磷矿沉积学研究: 以黔中地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷矿为例^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(5): 1081-1103.

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Figures/Tables 17

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异生磷酸盐颗粒(非生物席固定)						生物席固定
颗粒粒径<2 mm				10%以上颗粒粒径>2 mm		微生物席粘结磷灰石沉积或作为磷灰石沉积基底
泥质基质 (白云质、磷质微晶基质)		非泥质基质 (粒间胶结物或孔隙)		泥质基质 (白云质、磷质泥晶基质)	非泥质基质 (粒间胶结物或孔隙)
颗粒含量<10%	颗粒含量>10%	颗粒支撑
基质支撑		颗粒支撑
泥状磷块岩/ 微晶磷块岩	粒泥磷块岩	泥粒磷块岩	粒状磷块岩	漂砾磷块岩	粗砾磷块岩	生物粘结磷块岩

异生磷酸盐颗粒(非生物席固定)						生物席固定
颗粒粒径<2 mm				10%以上颗粒粒径>2 mm		微生物席粘结磷灰石沉积或作为磷灰石沉积基底
泥质基质 (白云质、磷质微晶基质)		非泥质基质 (粒间胶结物或孔隙)		泥质基质 (白云质、磷质泥晶基质)	非泥质基质 (粒间胶结物或孔隙)
颗粒含量<10%	颗粒含量>10%	颗粒支撑
基质支撑		颗粒支撑
泥状磷块岩/ 微晶磷块岩	粒泥磷块岩	泥粒磷块岩	粒状磷块岩	漂砾磷块岩	粗砾磷块岩	生物粘结磷块岩

沉积类型	岩相	岩石学特征	沉积构造	沉积环境
碎屑岩相	厚层含砾石英砂岩相(F1)	灰绿色,由大小不一、磨圆较好的砾石和粗砂组成	厚层,砾石可见叠瓦状组构	无障壁海滩前滨—临滨
	厚层中细粒石英砂岩相(F2)	灰绿色,由分选较好、磨圆中等的中细粒石英组成,含海绿石、长石、粘土矿物等	中—厚层,层内可见大型板状交错层理、平行层理或浪成交错层理	无障壁海滩前滨—上临滨
	中薄层粉砂—泥质岩相(F3)	灰绿色—灰黑色,粉砂—黏土质,粉砂为石英,分选、磨圆中等,偶含海绿石	可见小型浪成交错层理、水平层理或脉状层理、波状层理	下临滨—远滨带
碳酸盐岩相	厚层含锰白云岩相(F4)	灰白色,由细—微晶白云石组成,可见重晶石扇	厚层,发育席状裂隙、帐篷构造和瘤状突起	滨岸潮坪朝下带
	中厚层鲕粒白云岩相(F5)	灰色,中厚层,主要由白云石组成,鲕粒发育	可见平行层理和交错层理	潮下带
	中厚层微晶白云岩相(F6)	灰—灰白色,微晶白云石为主,常见玉髓,硅化	中—厚层,孔洞较普遍	近岸浅海环境,受准同生暴露、淋滤影响
	含磷白云岩相(F7)	灰白色—白色,微晶—粗晶白云岩,硅化作用发育	块状、含大量溶蚀角砾和溶蚀孔洞	极浅水海岸暴露环境
磷块岩相	(含碳)泥晶磷块岩相(F8)	灰黑色—黑色,主要矿物成分为隐晶到微晶质磷灰石,含有机质成分,夹泥页岩、泥晶白云岩及硅质岩	薄层,含水平纹层和硅质岩、泥晶白云岩透镜体等	远滨(浅海)相
	块状砾屑磷块岩相(F9)	灰色,含大量磷质砾屑及少量砂屑、白云质砾石	块状,砾石可见叠瓦状或菊花状排布	滨岸高能水体环境,或风暴流影响
	中厚层砂屑磷块岩相(F10)	灰—深灰色,中—粗粒,磷质内碎屑、鲕粒、生物颗粒或球粒为主	中—厚层,可见大型板状交错层理、平行层理或浪成交错层理	无障壁海滩,后滨—前滨相、上临滨带
	纹层状细—粉屑磷块岩相(F11)	灰—深灰色,由磷质细—粉屑组成,夹泥晶磷质或白云质细纹层或条带	薄层,可见水平纹层、小型浪成交错层理	下临滨相—远滨环境
	粘结磷块岩相(F12)	灰—灰白色,含叠层石、藻纹层、藻球粒等	块状,微生物纹层呈水平状或宆形柱状状	潮坪或较局限的浅水低水动能海域
	微生物磷块岩相(F13)	具微生物胚胎或球粒,化石成分为主要磷酸盐	中厚层状,均质层理或水平层理	下临滨或远滨带
	条带状砂屑磷块岩相(F14)	灰—灰白色,由磷质颗粒条带和细晶白云石条带组成	白云石条带和磷质颗粒条带呈互层状产出	滨岸浅水环境,白云石条带为蒸发作用有关
	渣状—土状半土状磷块岩(F15)	灰黄色到灰黑色,由疏松、破碎的磷块岩组成	块状构造	原生磷块岩暴露、淋滤形成

沉积类型	岩相	岩石学特征	沉积构造	沉积环境
碎屑岩相	厚层含砾石英砂岩相(F1)	灰绿色,由大小不一、磨圆较好的砾石和粗砂组成	厚层,砾石可见叠瓦状组构	无障壁海滩前滨—临滨
	厚层中细粒石英砂岩相(F2)	灰绿色,由分选较好、磨圆中等的中细粒石英组成,含海绿石、长石、粘土矿物等	中—厚层,层内可见大型板状交错层理、平行层理或浪成交错层理	无障壁海滩前滨—上临滨
	中薄层粉砂—泥质岩相(F3)	灰绿色—灰黑色,粉砂—黏土质,粉砂为石英,分选、磨圆中等,偶含海绿石	可见小型浪成交错层理、水平层理或脉状层理、波状层理	下临滨—远滨带
碳酸盐岩相	厚层含锰白云岩相(F4)	灰白色,由细—微晶白云石组成,可见重晶石扇	厚层,发育席状裂隙、帐篷构造和瘤状突起	滨岸潮坪朝下带
	中厚层鲕粒白云岩相(F5)	灰色,中厚层,主要由白云石组成,鲕粒发育	可见平行层理和交错层理	潮下带
	中厚层微晶白云岩相(F6)	灰—灰白色,微晶白云石为主,常见玉髓,硅化	中—厚层,孔洞较普遍	近岸浅海环境,受准同生暴露、淋滤影响
	含磷白云岩相(F7)	灰白色—白色,微晶—粗晶白云岩,硅化作用发育	块状、含大量溶蚀角砾和溶蚀孔洞	极浅水海岸暴露环境
磷块岩相	(含碳)泥晶磷块岩相(F8)	灰黑色—黑色,主要矿物成分为隐晶到微晶质磷灰石,含有机质成分,夹泥页岩、泥晶白云岩及硅质岩	薄层,含水平纹层和硅质岩、泥晶白云岩透镜体等	远滨(浅海)相
	块状砾屑磷块岩相(F9)	灰色,含大量磷质砾屑及少量砂屑、白云质砾石	块状,砾石可见叠瓦状或菊花状排布	滨岸高能水体环境,或风暴流影响
	中厚层砂屑磷块岩相(F10)	灰—深灰色,中—粗粒,磷质内碎屑、鲕粒、生物颗粒或球粒为主	中—厚层,可见大型板状交错层理、平行层理或浪成交错层理	无障壁海滩,后滨—前滨相、上临滨带
	纹层状细—粉屑磷块岩相(F11)	灰—深灰色,由磷质细—粉屑组成,夹泥晶磷质或白云质细纹层或条带	薄层,可见水平纹层、小型浪成交错层理	下临滨相—远滨环境
	粘结磷块岩相(F12)	灰—灰白色,含叠层石、藻纹层、藻球粒等	块状,微生物纹层呈水平状或宆形柱状状	潮坪或较局限的浅水低水动能海域
	微生物磷块岩相(F13)	具微生物胚胎或球粒,化石成分为主要磷酸盐	中厚层状,均质层理或水平层理	下临滨或远滨带
	条带状砂屑磷块岩相(F14)	灰—灰白色,由磷质颗粒条带和细晶白云石条带组成	白云石条带和磷质颗粒条带呈互层状产出	滨岸浅水环境,白云石条带为蒸发作用有关
	渣状—土状半土状磷块岩(F15)	灰黄色到灰黑色,由疏松、破碎的磷块岩组成	块状构造	原生磷块岩暴露、淋滤形成

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