Study on the characteristics of fine-grained sedimentation in fault-bounded lake basins: a case study of the Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation in Nanyang sag

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.073

Abstract

Abstract:

The Nanyang sag,a typical continental rift freshwater lake basin in eastern China,encompasses the Niusanmen sub-sag as its southeastern secondary sag,where thick-layered fine-grained sedimentary rocks developed within the Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation. The Hetaoyuan Formation is stratigraphically divided into three members from top to bottom: Member 1(H₁),Member 2(H₂),and Member 3(H₃). Through integrated experimental analyses including thin-section petrography,scanning electron microscopy,mineral composition characterization,and geochemical parameter determination of core samples,this study systematically identifies lithofacies types of fine-grained sedimentary rocks,reconstructs the sedimentary environment of the Hetaoyuan Formation,and establishes four distinct evolutionary stages(A,B,C,D). The investigation provides critical insights into the depositional evolution and environmental dynamics of this lacustrine succession within the rift basin setting. The results indicate: (1)The depositional environment of the He Member 2 Submember Ⅲ to He Member 3 Submember Ⅰ was primarily semi-deep to deep lake,with overall low paleosalinity,exhibiting characteristics of freshwater to brackish water,and relatively stable climatic conditions indicative of a humid paleoclimate. (2)Based on mineral composition,sedimentary structures,and grain size characteristics,the fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the He Member 2 Submember Ⅲ to He Member 3 Submember Ⅰ can be classified into nine lithofacies,among which laminated mixed shale and laminated feldspathic shale are the most developed. (3)Terrestrial input and paleoproductivity have a significant impact on the vertical variation of lithofacies,with the content of dolomite primarily influenced by water salinity. Stable climatic conditions,deeper water environments,and abundant terrestrial input are conducive to the development of mixed laminated fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Spatially,the semi-deep to deep lake areas are mainly developed around the periphery of the central depression belt’s Niusanmen sub-depression,with mixed shale being the predominant lithofacies;vertically,mixed shale is developed in all stages,with stage A and stage C paleoenvironments being favorable for the enrichment of organic matter in source rocks,making them promising areas for shale oil exploration.

Key words: fine-grained sedimentary rocks, laminated mixed shale, Hetaoyuan Formation, Paleogene, Nanyang sag

摘要： 南阳凹陷是中国东部典型的陆相断陷淡水湖盆,牛三门次凹为南阳凹陷东南部的一个次级凹陷,在古近系核桃园组发育厚层细粒沉积岩。核桃园组自上而下可以分为核一段(H₁)、核二段(H₂)、核三段(H₃),通过对岩心样品开展薄片、扫描电镜、矿物组分以及地球化学参数等实验分析,明确了细粒沉积岩相类型,揭示了核桃园组沉积环境,划分了A、B、C、D这4个演化阶段。结果表明: (1)核二段Ⅲ亚段—核三段Ⅰ亚段沉积环境以半深湖至深湖为主,古盐度整体偏低,呈现出淡水的特征,气候条件相对稳定,为湿润古气候。(2)依据矿物成分、沉积构造及粒度特征可将核二段Ⅲ亚段—核三段Ⅰ亚段细粒沉积岩划分为9种岩相,其中纹层状混合质页岩和纹层状长石石英页岩最为发育。(3)陆源输入和古生产力对岩相的垂向变化具有重要影响,云灰质含量主要受水体盐度影响,稳定的气候条件、较深的水体环境以及丰富的陆源输入有利于混合质纹层状细粒沉积岩发育。平面上牛三门次凹周缘为页岩油勘探有利区,纵向上阶段A和阶段C沉积地层是页岩油勘探有利层系。

关键词: 细粒沉积岩, 纹层状混合质页岩, 核桃园组, 古近系, 南阳凹陷

CLC Number:

P512.2

ZHU Yan. Study on the characteristics of fine-grained sedimentation in fault-bounded lake basins: a case study of the Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation in Nanyang sag[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(5): 1244-1257.

朱颜. 断陷湖盆细粒沉积特征研究: 以南阳凹陷古近系核桃园组为例^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(5): 1244-1257.

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Figures/Tables 11

Fig.1 Geological structure of Nanxiang Basin and location of Nanyang sag

Fig.2 Stratigraphic column of the Paleogene of Nanyang sag

Fig.3 Main mineral content of core samples of the Paleogene Submember H₂Ⅲ-H₃Ⅰof Well ZY1 in Nanyang sag

Fig.4 Microscopic characteristics of mineral types of the Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation in Nanyang sag

Fig.5 Microscopic photos of laminates of the Paleogene Submember H₂Ⅲ-H₃Ⅰin Nanyang sag

Fig.6 Lithofacies division scheme of the Paleogene Submember H₂Ⅲ-H₃Ⅰin Nanyang sag

Table 1 Lithofacies classification of the Paleogene Submember H₂Ⅲ-H₃Ⅰin Nanyang sag

三端元分类	粒度+沉积构造	TOC/%	S₁/mg·g^-1	OSI/mg·g^-1	孔隙度/%	发育厚度/m	占比/%
长石石英细粒沉积岩	块状粉砂岩	/	/	/	4.5~6.5/5.4	41.87	9.7
	层状长石石英质页岩	0.51~1.52/0.96	0.3~0.43/0.37	38.0	0.5~4.9/2.4	18.17	4.2
	纹层状长石石英质页岩	0.48~2.01/0.97	0.42~1.37/0.66	70.6	0.6~5.6/3.4	93.60	20.8
云灰质细粒沉积岩	层状云灰质页岩	0.22~0.51/0.41	0.45~2.41/0.97	87.9	0.3~5.5/3.1	3.17	0.7
云灰质细粒沉积岩	纹层状云灰质页岩	0.37~1.91/0.9	0.34~1.91/0.9	97.0	0.4~6.3/3.2	25.30	6.2
黏土质细粒沉积岩	纹层状黏土质页岩	0.2~1.56/0.6	0.27~1.15/0.55	58.0	0.2~4.5/2.2	9.38	2.2
混合质细粒沉积岩	层状混合质页岩	0.2~1.79/0.73	0.27~0.96/0.47	60.5	1.3~5.1/3.1	13.24	3.1
混合质细粒沉积岩	纹层状混合质页岩	0.51~2.3/0.89	0.45~1.7/0.71	78.8	0.2~5.7/3.8	231.05	53.5

Fig.7 Core and microscopic photos of different lithofacies of the Paleogene Submember H₂Ⅲ-H₃Ⅰ in Nanyang sag

Fig.8 Stratigraphic column of depositional environment of the Paleogene Submember H₂Ⅲ-H₃Ⅰ in Well ZY1 in Nanyang sag

Fig.9 Lithofacies evolution of the Paleogene Submember H₂Ⅲ-H₃Ⅰof Well ZY1 in Nanyang sag

Fig.10 Lithofacies model cross-section of the Paleogene in Nanyang sag

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