基于古盐度视角的大塘坡锰矿成矿机制研究<sup>&#x0002A;</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.032

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通常认为,黔东南华系大塘坡组锰矿的发育与氧化还原条件、热液输入和生物等因素密切相关。南华盆地作为一个半封闭盆地,在后冰川时期气候、环境动荡的条件下,水体的盐度可能同样会发生变化,从而影响水体的氧化还原状态并调节锰矿的形成过程,然而盐度对于锰矿形成的控制作用却一直被忽视。本研究基于古盐度指标(B/Ga),结合氧化还原等多个古环境指标,对大塘坡锰矿形成时期的水动力条件和锰来源等开展了进一步研究。结果显示,大塘坡组一段锰含量变化趋势与古盐度、氧化还原指标显著相关,揭示出古盐度在大塘坡锰矿成矿过程中具有重要作用。此外,锰含量与Eu/Eu^*、⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr和εNd(i)之间显著相关,表明南华盆地大塘坡锰矿主要为热液来源。间歇性的热液活动不仅提供了锰的来源,同时引入了营养物质,促进了初级生产力的发展、微生物的繁盛和锰矿的富集。有机碳的氧化与冰川融水的输入造成了南华盆地高碱度的水体环境(水体富含CO₃^2-和HCO₃^-),长期缺氧的环境以及海底热液活动导致水体中锰离子大量富集,两者相结合促进了盖帽碳酸盐岩的形成。因此本研究认为,较多的碳酸根离子输入、活跃的热液活动以及微生物的催化作用,是促进大塘坡锰矿富集的重要因素。

关键词: 古盐度, 锰矿, 大塘坡组, 水体循环, 微生物成矿

Abstract:

It is widely accepted that the development of manganese deposits in the Datangpo Formation of southeastern Guizhou is closely linked to factors such as redox conditions,hydrothermal input,and biological influences. The Nanhua Basin,characterized as a semi-closed basin,may have undergone fluctuations in water salinity due to climatic and environmental disturbances during the post-glacial period. These fluctuations could impact the redox status of the water and regulate the formation processes of manganese deposits. However,the role of salinity in controlling the formation of manganese deposits has long been overlooked. This study utilizes paleosalinity proxies,particularly the B/Ga ratio,in conjunction with redox and other paleoenvironmental indicators,to investigate the paleo-hydrological conditions and sources of manganese during the formation of Datangpo manganese ore. The results indicate a significant correlation between fluctuations in manganese concentration and the evolution of paleosalinity and redox conditions in the First Member of the Datangpo Formation,highlighting the critical role of paleosalinity in controlling the formation of Datangpo manganese ores. Furthermore,pronounced correlations between manganese content and hydrothermal proxies,including the Eu/Eu^*ratio,strontium isotope ratio(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr),and neodymium isotope variation(εNd(i)),suggest that the Datangpo manganese ores in the Nanhua Basin predominantly originate from hydrothermal sources. Episodic hydrothermal activities not only supplied manganese,but also delivered essential nutrients,thereby enhancing primary productivity. The oxidation of organic carbon and the input from glacial melting have resulted in a highly alkaline environment,rich in CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-. The oxygen-deficient conditions,combined with seafloor hydrothermal events,have led to significant accumulation of manganese ions in the water, thereby promoting the formation of cap carbonates. Consequently, this research concludes that bicarbonate ions, vigorous hydrothermal activities, and microbial catalysis are critical for the formation of the Datangpo manganese ores.

Key words: paleosalinity, manganese ore, Datangpo Formation, water cycle, microbial mineralization

陈起宏, 魏巍, 余文超, 杜远生. 基于古盐度视角的大塘坡锰矿成矿机制研究^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(2): 351-367.

CHEN Qihong, WEI Wei, YU Wenchao, DU Yuansheng. Metallogenic mechanism of Datangpo manganese ore from the perspective of paleosalinity[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(2): 351-367.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2025/V27/I2/351

图/表 9

图1 南华盆地古地理图及地层剖面图
A—660 Ma全球板块分布图(修改自Li et al., 2013);B—新元古代晚期的中国南华裂谷盆地,显示2个研究剖面的位置; C—钻孔ZK4207南华系地层柱状图(Rooney et al., 2020;Xu et al., 2024);D—南华盆地简化的横剖面图,显示深部断层和热液活动区域

Fig.1 Palaeogeographical map and stratigraphic profile of Nanhua Basin

图2 贵州松桃盆地大塘坡组一段锰碳酸盐样品薄片照片
A-C—矿化生物席结构(红色矩形和黄色箭头),A样品号ZK4207-83,B和C样品号LB-B;D-E—LB-304样品中的矿化微生物产生的微观纹理(黄色箭头);F-G—LB-304样品中的石英沉积颗粒(黄色箭头)和矿化的有机层状结构

Fig.2 Photographs of rock lamellae from manganese carbonate samples of the First Member of Datangpo Formation in Songtao Basin,Guizhou Province

图3 贵州松桃盆地大塘坡组一段样品LB-304中含钙菱锰矿、锰白云石、石英、铁白云石含量
A—来自LB-304的锰矿样品的薄片,显示灰色与黑色交替变化的纹层状结构; 红线表示拉曼测量的位置。B-D—每1 mm内,含钙菱锰矿、锰白云石、石英和铁白云石矿物的峰值数量

Fig.3 Mineral content of Ca-rhodochrosite, kutnohorite,quartz and ankerite of the First Member of Datangpo Formation for sample LB-304 in Songtao Basin,Guizhou Province

图4 贵州松桃盆地钻孔ZK4207大塘坡组一段氧化还原、盐度、生产力和气候等指标相关的地层剖面图

Fig.4 Chemostratigraphic profiles of redox-,salinity-,productivity-,and climate-related proxies for the First Member of Datangpo Formation in drillcore ZK4207 of Songtao Basin,Guizhou Province

图5 贵州松桃盆地钻孔ZK4207大塘坡组一段锰(Mn)、铝(Al)、热液以及硫相关的地层剖面图

Fig.5 Chemostratigraphic profiles of Mn,Al,hydrothermal- and sulfur-related proxies for the First Member of Datangpo Formation in drillcore ZK4207 of Songtao Basin,Guizhou Province

图6 贵州松桃盆地钻孔ZK4207大塘坡组一段B/Ga与氧化还原指标关系

Fig.6 Relationship between B/Ga and redox indexes for the First Member of Datangpo Formation in drillcore ZK4207 of Songtao Basin,Guizhou Province

图7 贵州松桃盆地高地剖面大塘坡组一段Fe_HR/Fe_T与B/Ga关系图(数据来自Cheng et al., 2021)
高地剖面数据与钻孔ZK4207的研究层段一致

Fig.7 Plot of Fe_HR/Fe_T vs. B/Ga for the First Member of Datangpo Formation in Gaodi profile of Songtao Basin,Guizhou Province(data from Cheng et al., 2021)

图8 贵州松桃盆地钻孔ZK4207和高地剖面大塘坡组一段Mn含量与盐度指标(B/Ga)的对比

Fig.8 Comparison of Mn and salinity index(B/Ga)for the First Member of Datangpo Formation between drillcore ZK4207 and GaoDi profile in Songtao Basin,Guizhou Province

图9 南华盆地大塘坡组锰碳酸盐成矿作用的沉积模型
A—强烈的热液活动: 盆地内锰含量较高,水柱分层明显,初级生产力和有机质(OM)通量增强,促进了MnCO₃的沉淀; B—较弱的热液活动: 盆地内Mn含量较低,水柱分层较弱,初级生产力和有机质(OM)通量减少,导致MnCO₃的沉淀降低。A中Mn与碱度(HCO₃^-)的相对比例高于B,Mn和HCO₃^-含量的垂直变化以剖面图形式呈现在示意图的左侧。SWI代表沉积物—水界面

Fig.9 Sedimentary model diagram for manganese carbonate mineralization of the Datangpo Formation in Nanhua Basin

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