Middle Early Cretaceous super-large scale dinosaur tracks in Zhucheng area，Shandong Province，and their palaeogeography and palaeoecology

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2013.04.038

JOPC ›› 2013, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (4): 467-488. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2013.04.038

• SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “Dinosaur footprints in Shandong Province” • Previous Articles Next Articles

Middle Early Cretaceous super-large scale dinosaur tracks in Zhucheng area，Shandong Province，and their palaeogeography and palaeoecology

Xu Huan¹ Liu Yongqing¹ Kuang Hongwei¹ Wang Kebai² Chen Shuqing² Zhang Yanxia² Peng Nan¹ Chen Jun^1,3 Wang Mingwei^1,4 Wang Baohong^1,4

1 Institute of Geology，Chinese Academy of Geologcial Sciences，Beijing 100037
2 Shandong Dinosaur Research Center of Zhucheng, Zhucheng 262200, Shandong
3 School of the Earth Sciences and Natural Resources，China University of geosciences(Beijing)，Beijing 100083
4 School of Geosciences of Yangtze University，Jingzhou 434023,Hubei

Received:2013-02-04 Revised:2013-03-19 Online:2013-08-01 Published:2013-08-01
Contact: Liu Yongqing，born in 1960，is a research professor at the Institute of Geology，Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences ，and is mainly engaged in sedimentary geology，palaeogeography and palaeoecology. liuyongqing@cags.ac.cn.Kuang Hongwei，born in 1969，is a professor at Institute of Geology，Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences，and is mainly engaged in sedimentary geology. kuanghw@126.com.
About author:Xu Huan，born in 1987，is a postgraduate candidate of Institute of Geology，Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. He is mainly engaged in sedimentary geology and basin analysis. xuhuan0816@126.com.
Supported by:
致谢中国地质科学院地质研究所姬书安研究员、刘燕学研究员、江小均博士、王旭日博士参加了2010年部分野外工作，审稿人为本文提出了有益的修改意见，编辑们在本文的编辑过程中付出了辛勤的劳动，在此一并表示感谢。

山东诸城早白垩世中期超大规模恐龙足迹群及其古地理与古生态^*

许欢¹ 柳永清¹ 旷红伟¹ 王克柏² 陈树清² 张艳霞²彭楠¹ 陈军^1,3 汪明伟^1,4 王宝红^1,4

1 中国地质科学院地质研究所，北京 100037
2 诸城恐龙文化研究中心，山东诸城 262200
3 中国地质大学(北京）地球科学与资源学院，北京 100083
4 长江大学地球科学学院，湖北荆州 434023

通讯作者: 柳永清，男，1960年生，研究员，主要从事沉积地质学—沉积古地理和古生态学专业研究。E-mail:liuyongqing@cags.ac.cn。旷红伟，女，1969年生，教授，主要从事沉积地质学研究。
作者简介:许欢，男，1987年生，硕士研究生，主要从事沉积地质与盆地分析研究。xuhuan0816@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目(编号：90914003）、国家自然科学基金面上项目(编号：41272021）、中国地质调查局项目(编号：1212011085477，1212011120105，12120113096500）共同资助

Abstract

Abstract: Theropod，sauropod and possible ornithopod dinosaur tracks were mainly developed in the middle Early Cretaceous Yangjiazhuang Formation，Laiyang Group，in Zhucheng area，Shandong Province.Most of them are theropod tracks，and belong to three types: Large sized theropod，Paragrallator and Corpulentapus lilasia.Among the 63 trackways identified，50 well-preserved trackways were measured systematically.Based on the foot size index-stride length diagram and GAE(Grallator-Anchisauripus-Eubrontes) plexus，we obtained the differential criteria for the theropod tracks.Large scale sections in the track site showed that shallow lake silty mudstone and siltstone gradually changed to shore-lacustrine sandstone.Track beds and the upper and lower beds developed abundant wavemarks and mud cracks.According to the wave crest，we reconstructed the palaeoshoreline which was EW in direction.The direction of the wave flow showed N-NW periodical change，which may be correlated with shift in the direction of the seasonal wind.The mud crack and the feature of dinosaur track distribution indicated that the center of the lake should be S/WS in direction，while lakeshore should be N/NE in direction.The differences in distribution area between Paragrallator and Corpulentapus lilasia revealed that the Corpulentapus lilasia track makers were living much closer to the lake shore.The phenomenon of superposition is common among dinosaur tracks，which indicated that the tracks were not left at the same time but in several times.Lots of parallel small-medium sized trackways represent gregarious habitats.Speed study showed that most of theropods were running fast，in contrast，sauropods and suspected ornithopods were walking slowly.The proportion between theropod tracks and sauropod and suspected ornithopod tracks indicated that in the middle Early Cretaceous，small-medium sized theropods were dominant in Jiaolai Basin，while sauropods and suspected ornithopods were less;in contrast，sauropods，ornithopods and avians gradually flourished in Jiaolai Basin and Yishu Fault Belt，which was consistent with the dinosaur tracks in northern North China.A comparison of the Cretaceous dinosaur tracks and bones has been made among northern China，Korea and Japan，proposing that a large-scale terrestrial biota represented by dinosaur existed in northern China and eastern Asia during late Mesozoic.

Key words: Zhucheng of Shandong, Early Cretaceous, Laiyang Group, dinosaur track, palaeogeography, palaeoecology

摘要： 山东诸城黄龙沟恐龙足迹产于下白垩统中部莱阳群杨家庄组，其中以兽脚类为主，同时有蜥脚类和疑似鸟脚类足迹；兽脚类足迹又可进一步区分为大型兽脚类、似跷脚龙类(Paragrallator）和东方强壮百合龙类(Corpulentapus lilasia）。足迹共组成至少63条行迹，作者系统实测了其中50条，并据足迹大小指数—复步长和GAE(跷脚龙—安琪龙—实雷龙）图解给出了识别3类兽脚类足迹的经验性数值。足迹点沉积特征显示，浅湖相粉砂质泥岩和粉砂岩逐渐过渡为滨湖相砂岩。足迹层及其邻近层位波痕、泥裂发育，根据波脊线恢复的古岸线方向为东西向，波浪运动方向呈现出北至北西周期性变化，表明可能存在季节性风向变化。泥裂以及恐龙分布特征显示足迹点以S/WS为湖心方向，以N/EN为湖岸方向。似跷脚龙类和东方强壮百合龙类足迹分布区域的差异性表明东方强壮百合龙类生活区域更靠近湖岸。恐龙足迹中存在的明显叠盖现象表明足迹不是同时，而是多次活动遗迹。小型兽脚类行迹中较多近于平行的行迹体现了集群性生活习性。行进行为研究又显示兽脚类的绝大多数为快速奔跑状态，但蜥脚类等为慢行状态。兽脚类与蜥脚类、疑似鸟脚类足迹数量之比远大于正常捕食者和被捕食者之比也表明，早白垩世中期的胶莱盆地生存着以兽脚类为主、蜥脚类和鸟脚类为辅的恐龙动物群。早白垩世晚期，胶莱盆地以及沂沭断裂带内蜥脚类、鸟脚类恐龙以及鸟类逐渐繁盛，这与华北北部恐龙足迹所恢复的造迹恐龙动物群特征较为一致。中国北方、韩国、日本白垩纪恐龙足迹以及骨骼化石发育情况暗示，晚中生代中国北方以及东亚地区发育一个以恐龙等脊椎动物为主的大型陆地动物群。

关键词: 山东诸城, 早白垩世, 莱阳群, 恐龙足迹, 古地理, 古生态

CLC Number:

P911.28

Xu Huan, Liu Yongqing, Kuang Hongwei, Wang Kebai, Chen Shuqing, Zhang Yanxia, Peng Nan, Chen Jun, Wang Mingwei, Wang Baohong. Middle Early Cretaceous super-large scale dinosaur tracks in Zhucheng area，Shandong Province，and their palaeogeography and palaeoecology[J]. JOPC, 2013, 15(4): 467-488.

许欢, 柳永清, 旷红伟, 王克柏, 陈树清, 张艳霞,彭楠, 陈军, 汪明伟, 王宝红. 山东诸城早白垩世中期超大规模恐龙足迹群及其古地理与古生态^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2013, 15(4): 467-488.

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Middle Early Cretaceous super-large scale dinosaur tracks in Zhucheng area，Shandong Province，and their palaeogeography and palaeoecology

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Middle Early Cretaceous super-large scale dinosaur tracks in Zhucheng area，Shandong Province，and their palaeogeography and palaeoecology

山东诸城早白垩世中期超大规模恐龙足迹群及其古地理与古生态*

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山东诸城早白垩世中期超大规模恐龙足迹群及其古地理与古生态^*