潮控河口湾沉积构型表征及成因机制研究:以Oriente盆地M1砂岩段和Hebrides盆地Bearreraig砂岩段为例<sup>*</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.084

古地理学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (6): 1368-1399. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.084

潮控河口湾沉积构型表征及成因机制研究:以Oriente盆地M1砂岩段和Hebrides盆地Bearreraig砂岩段为例^*

朱思成¹(), 孙盼科¹(), 张超前², 田堽¹, 梁智¹, 李哲兴¹, 李振宇¹, 王焯¹, 陈掌星³, 徐怀民¹

1 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院, 北京 102249
2 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
3 东方理工大学, 浙江宁波 315200

收稿日期:2025-01-02 修回日期:2025-07-14 出版日期:2025-12-01 发布日期:2025-11-25
通讯作者: 孙盼科,男,1988年生,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事油气田开发地质及油藏描述等相关研究。E-mail: sunpk@cup.edu.cn。
作者简介:
朱思成,男,1996年生,中国石油大学(北京)博士研究生,主要从事沉积地质学、储层地质学及油藏描述研究。E-mail: 18811379177@163.com。
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金项目 “致密砂岩气藏变尺度非均质性成因机制及多维表征”(42572150)

Research on the sedimentary architecture characterization and genetic mechanisms of tide-dominated estuaries: case studies of M1 Sandstone in Oriente Basin and Bearreraig Sandstone in Hebrides Basin

ZHU Sicheng¹(), SUN Panke¹(), ZHANG Chaoqian², TIAN Gang¹, LIANG Zhi¹, LI Zhexing¹, LI Zhenyu¹, WANG Zhuo¹, CHEN Zhangxing³, XU Huaimin¹

1 College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
2 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
3 Eastern Institute of Technology, Zhejiang Ningbo 315200, China

Received:2025-01-02 Revised:2025-07-14 Online:2025-12-01 Published:2025-11-25
Contact: SUN Panke,born in 1988,is an associate professor and director of Ph.D. candidate. He is mainly engaged in reservoir geology and reservoir description research. E-mail: sunpk@cup.edu.cn.
About author:
ZHU Sicheng,born in 1996,is a Ph.D. candidate in China University of Petroleum(Beijing). He is currently engaged in sedimentary geology research and reservoir description research. E-mail: 18811379177@163.com.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China “Genetic mechanisms and multi-dimensional characterization of variable-scale heterogeneity in tight sandstone gas reservoirs”(42572150)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在碎屑海岸沉积体系的分类方案中,潮控河口湾是与开阔潮坪、潮控三角洲同等重要的沉积环境,属于潮汐主导的环境单元。持续性可容空间增长和欠补偿的充填条件使得河口湾成为砂质沉积物的有利富集区域。混合水动力条件主导了沉积物的再分配过程,局部水体能量的差异配置对于砂泥组分的空间分配格局具有显著的影响,这使得河口湾沉积物发育更为多样的岩相和微相类型,并且具有相对复杂的内部结构。因此,作者整合了Oriente盆地M1砂岩段的沉积古地理研究和Skye岛Bearreraig砂岩段的野外露头研究,侧重于对潮控河口湾多级次沉积构型的系统解剖,探讨了影响层序—沉积—底形级次沉积构型发育的成因主控机制,并建立了适用于潮控河口湾环境的0~8级沉积构型划分方案。来自于M1砂岩段和Bearreraig砂岩段的2套潮控体系地层单元,具有不同的潮控环境叠置模式,反映了差异沉降过程主导下物源供给强度对于7~8级层序尺度构型单元结构的系统性控制。在此基础上,基于完备的沉积储集层资料,围绕M1砂岩段继承性潮控河口湾环境的沉积古地理重建,详细论证了混合水动力过程影响下4~6级沉积构型单元的区域性分布规律和规模变化趋势。研究表明,在混合水动力条件的转换过程中,随着潮汐作用的增强,砂体构型单元由近源离散型潮汐点坝逐渐过渡为远端连续型潮汐沙坝; 而潮坪构型单元主要受特定水深、流速的控制,稳定分布于两侧边缘潮坪区域。此外,Bearreraig砂岩段的野外露头证据补充了0~3级底形尺度的精细结构特征,揭示了环境内部的局部水体条件,包括古潮汐流方向、潮汐周期等对于小尺度构型单元规模及结构复杂度增长过程中的影响机制。该研究总结了碎屑海岸体系中潮控河口湾环境的构型级次划分标准和构型发育样式,为潮控体系沉积物结构特征的对比研究和沉积构型演化研究提供了模式依据。

关键词: 潮控河口湾, 沉积构型样式, 潮汐沙坝, 混合水动力过程, M1砂岩段, Bearreraig砂岩段

Abstract:

In the classification of clastic coastal depositional systems,tide-dominated estuaries hold significance equivalent to open tidal flats and tide-dominated deltas,representing an end-member of tidal environments. Sustained increases in accommodation and underfilled depositional conditions make estuaries favorable sites for the sandy sediment accumulation. Mixed hydrodynamic conditions control the sediment redistribution processes,while local variations in flow energy significantly affect the spatial distribution patterns of sand and mud components. These factors lead to a greater diversity of lithofacies types and lithofacies associations and relatively complex internal sedimentary structures. Therefore,this study integrates the sedimentary palaeogeographic research of the M1 Sandstone Member,Oriente Basin and the outcrop studies of the Bearreraig Sandstone Member,Isle of Skye,focusing on the systematic dissection of multi-level sedimentary architecture within tide-dominated estuaries. The study explores the controlling mechanisms behind the development of sequence-, sedimentary-, and bedform-scale architectures,and establishes a classification scheme for tide-dominated estuaries,applicable to levels 0-8.The two tide-dominated stratigraphic units from the M1 Sandstone and the Bearreraig Sandstone—exhibit different tide-dominated environmental stacking patterns,reflecting the systematic control of the source supply intensity by differential subsidence processes on the architecture of sequence-scale sedimentary units at levels 7-8. Based on comprehensive sedimentary reservoir data,and through the sedimentary palaeogeographic reconstruction of the M1 Sandstone Member’s inherited tide-dominated estuarine environment,this study further elaborates on the regional distribution patterns and scale variation trends of the levels 4-6 sedimentary architecture under mixed-hydrodynamic processes. Results indicate that,during the transition of mixed-hydrodynamic conditions, increasing tidal influence drives a gradual transformation of sand-body architectures, from proximal discrete tidal point bars to more distal and continuous tidal sand bars. Tidal flat architecture units,in contrast,are primarily governed by specific water depth and flow velocity remaining relatively stable along marqinal-tidal-falt zones. Moreover, outcrop evidence from the Bearreraig Sandstone Member provides detailed insights into bedform-scale(levels 0-3) architectures,revealing the influence mechanisms of local flow conditions-including ancient tidal flow direction and tidal cycle—on the scale and structural complexity growth of small-scale sedimentary architecture units. This study summarizes the classification standards of architecture levels and architecture development styles in tide-dominated estuarine environments within clastic coastal systems,offering a model foundation for comparative research on sedimentary structures and architecture evolution in tide-dominated systems.

Key words: tide-dominated estuary, sedimentary architectural style, tidal sand bar, mixed hydrodynamic processes, M1 Sandstone Member, Bearreraig Sandstone Member

中图分类号:

P512.31

朱思成, 孙盼科, 张超前, 田堽, 梁智, 李哲兴, 李振宇, 王焯, 陈掌星, 徐怀民. 潮控河口湾沉积构型表征及成因机制研究:以Oriente盆地M1砂岩段和Hebrides盆地Bearreraig砂岩段为例^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(6): 1368-1399.

ZHU Sicheng, SUN Panke, ZHANG Chaoqian, TIAN Gang, LIANG Zhi, LI Zhexing, LI Zhenyu, WANG Zhuo, CHEN Zhangxing, XU Huaimin. Research on the sedimentary architecture characterization and genetic mechanisms of tide-dominated estuaries: case studies of M1 Sandstone in Oriente Basin and Bearreraig Sandstone in Hebrides Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(6): 1368-1399.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2025/V27/I6/1368

图/表 24

图1 Oriente盆地基础地质特征概况 a—Oriente盆地区域构造位置图(修改自Vallejo et al., 2017);b—研究区油藏范围及井位分布图; c—Oriente盆地白垩系综合柱状图; d—Oriente盆地北部M1砂岩段沉积剖面(据Zhu et al., 2024)

Fig.1 Basic geological characteristics of Oriente Basin

图2 Oriente盆地M1砂岩段平面分布及上白垩统结构(据Zhu et al., 2024) a—Oriente盆地东部斜坡带M1砂岩段沉积物厚度分布图; b—晚白垩世Oriente盆地层序地层剖面

Fig.2 Spatial distribution of M1 Sandstone Member and the Upper Cretaceous framework in Oriente Basin(after Zhu et al., 2024)

图3 Hebrides盆地基础地质特征概况(修改自Mellere and Steel,1996;Archer et al., 2019) a—Hebrides盆地区域构造及沉积古地理分布图; b—Hebrides盆地侏罗系综合柱状图; c—Hebrides盆地Skye地区构造及沉积剖面

Fig.3 Basic geological characteristics of Hebrides Basin(modified from Mellere and Steel,1996;Archer et al., 2019)

图4 Hebrides盆地Skye地区地层出露情况(朱思成拍摄于Staffin) a—Bearreraig砂岩段与火成岩地层不整合接触关系; b—Bearreraig砂岩段露头

Fig.4 Stratigraphic exposure in Skye area of Hebrides Basin(photographed at Staffin by Zhu Sicheng)

图5 Oriente盆地M1砂岩段潮控河口湾岩相的典型岩石学特征 a—波状层理砂岩,A03井,井深2622.95 m;b—低角度板状交错层理砂岩,C01井,井深2402.27 m;c—丘状交错层理砂岩,D01井,井深2590.95 m;d—平行层理砂岩,C01井,井深2045.81 m;e—含砾石质槽状交错层理砂岩,D01井,井深2398.10 m;f—爬升波纹交错层理砂岩,B04井,井深2739.08 m;g—槽状交错层理砂岩,B04井,井深2741.76 m;h—含泥质双黏土层潮汐韵律岩,A02井,井深2338.69 m;i—波状复合层理潮汐韵律岩,C01井,井深2162.65 m;j—透镜状层理潮汐韵律岩,D01井,井深2593.08 m;k—脉状层理砂岩,A03井,井深2626.90 m;l—软沉积变形潮汐韵律岩,C01井,井深2411.27 m;m—S型交错层理和水平层理泥岩/粉砂岩,C01井,井深2399.68 m;n—含碳质碎屑块状泥岩,A03井,井深2628.20 m

Fig.5 Typical petrologic features of tide-dominated estuarine lithofacies in M1 Sandstone Member of Oriente Basin

图6 Oriente盆地取心井A03岩心照片与沉积特征描述

Fig.6 Core photographs and sedimentary features description of Well A03 of Oriente Basin

图7 Oriente盆地取心井C01岩心照片与沉积特征描述

Fig.7 Core photographs and sedimentary features description of Well C01 of Oriente Basin

图8 Oriente盆地T区块取心井剖面及沉积期次界限划分方案(修改自Zhu et al., 2024)

Fig.8 Cored well profile and sedimentary sequence boundary division scheme of T Block of Oriente Basin(modified from Zhu et al., 2024)

图9 Oriente盆地M1砂岩段地层划分对比剖面及砂体厚度分布特征(修改自Zhu et al.,2024)

Fig.9 Stratigraphic correlation profile and sand thickness distribution characteristics of M1 Sandstone Member of Oriente Basin (modified from Zhu et al, 2024)

图10 Oriente盆地M1砂岩段4个沉积期次的单层级次砂体厚度平面图(修改自Zhu et al., 2024) a—沉积期次1;b—沉积期次2;c—沉积期次3;d—沉积期次4

Fig.10 Planar map of single-layer sand thickness for four sedimentary sequences in the M1 Sandstone Member of Oriente Basin(modified from Zhu et al., 2024)

图11 基于井控砂体厚度的Oriente盆地M1砂岩段4期沉积演化概率相分布(修改自Zhu et al., 2024) a—演化期次1;b—演化期次2;c—演化期次3;d—演化期次4

Fig.11 Probabilistic facies distribution of four stages of sedimentary evolution in the M1 Sandstone Member of Oriente Basin based on well-controlled sand thickness(modified from Zhu et al., 2024)

图12 Oriente盆地顺物源方向地震反演砂体构型剖面

Fig.12 Seismic inversion profile of sand architecture along the sediment source direction of Oriente Basin

图13 Oriente盆地切物源方向地震反演砂体构型剖面 a—河控区域剖面; b—混合能量区域剖面; c—潮控外河口区域剖面; d—近陆棚区域剖面

Fig.13 Seismic inversion profile of sand architecture across the sediment-source direction of Oriente Basin

图14 Oriente盆地M1砂岩段井间砂体构型解释剖面 a—顺物源方向井间构型解释; b—切物源方向井间构型解释

Fig.14 Inter-well sand architecture interpretation profile of M1 Sandstone Member in Oriente Basin

图15 Hebrides盆地Bearreraig砂岩垂直于古水流方向的潮汐沙坝构型单元露头解释剖面(朱思成拍摄于Glasnakille)

Fig.15 Outcrop interpretation profile of tidal sand bar architectural elements perpendicular to paleocurrent direction of Bearreraig sandstone in Hebrides Basin(photographed at Glasnakille by Zhu Sicheng)

图16 平行于古水流方向的潮汐沙坝露头剖面及0~3级构型界面特征(朱思成拍摄于Glasnakille) a—平行古水流方向露头剖面; b—露头剖面位置与沙坝分布关系(修改自Olariu et al., 2012);c—3级构型界面; d—1和2级构型界面; e—0级构型界面

Fig.16 Outcrop interpretation profile of tidal sand bar architectural elements parallel to paleocurrent direction and characteristics of 0-3rd order architectural boundaries(photographed at Glasnakille by Zhu Sicheng)

图17 其他类型潮汐构型单元的野外露头特征 a—潮汐沙席构型单元(拍摄于Elgol);b—潮坪构型单元(拍摄于Elgol);c—复合沙丘复合体构型单元(拍摄于Rigg);d—水道构型单元中的滞留砾石(由康文君提供,拍摄于Seaton Cliffs)

Fig.17 Outcrop features of other tidal architecture unit types

图18 差异A/S值条件约束的海侵层序地层模式及7级构型单元结构模式 a—海侵碎屑层序地层模式(修改自Jaillard,1996);b—受A/S条件影响的准层序组尺度7级构型单元结构样式

Fig.18 Transgressive sequence stratigraphic model and framework model of 7th-order architectural elements constrained by differential A/S conditions

图19 混合水动力控制下的潮控河口湾环境相带分布模式 a—潮控河口湾环境相带分布与水动力能量关系(修改自Dalrymple et al., 1992);b—潮控河口湾环境沉积区域划分(修改自Zhu et al., 2024);c—潮控河口湾环境岩相组合剖面模式(修改自Zhu et al., 2024)

Fig.19 Tide-dominated estuarine environmental facies distribution model under mixed hydrodynamic control

图20 潮汐沙坝构型单元侧向迁移模式 a—短期(瞬时)海平面波动下的潮控河口湾沉积物分布模式(修改自Zhu et al., 2024);b—潮汐沙坝侧向迁移模式; c—涨落潮水流控制下的底形叠加模式

Fig.20 Lateral migration model of tidal sand bar architectural elements

图21 潮控河口湾砂体构型分布模式

Fig.21 Sand architecture distribution pattern of tide-dominated estuary

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潮控河口湾沉积构型表征及成因机制研究:以Oriente盆地M1砂岩段和Hebrides盆地Bearreraig砂岩段为例^*

Research on the sedimentary architecture characterization and genetic mechanisms of tide-dominated estuaries: case studies of M1 Sandstone in Oriente Basin and Bearreraig Sandstone in Hebrides Basin

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