湖盆浅水三角洲河道砂体定量表征与控制因素探究及霸县凹陷实例<sup>&#x0002A;</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2025.01.001

古地理学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (2): 446-467. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2025.01.001

• 岩相古地理学及沉积学 • 上一篇下一篇

湖盆浅水三角洲河道砂体定量表征与控制因素探究及霸县凹陷实例^*

谢爽慧¹(), 朱筱敏¹(), 叶蕾¹, 黄捍东²

1 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院,北京 102249
2 中国石油大学(北京)地球物理学院,北京 102249

收稿日期:2023-11-24 修回日期:2024-04-15 出版日期:2025-04-01 发布日期:2025-04-01
作者简介:
谢爽慧,女,1996年生,中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院博士研究生,主要从事沉积地质学研究。E-mail: xsh_718@163.com。
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金项目(编号: 42272110)资助

Quantitative characterization and analysis of controlling factors of channel sand bodies of shallow-water deltas in lacustrine basins, and an example from Baxian sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

XIE Shuanghui¹(), ZHU Xiaomin¹(), YE Lei¹, HUANG Handong²

1 College of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China
2 College of Geophysics,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China

Received:2023-11-24 Revised:2024-04-15 Online:2025-04-01 Published:2025-04-01
About author:
XIE Shuanghui,born in 1996,is a doctoral candidate of College of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum(Beijing). She is mainly engaged in sedimentology. E-mail: xsh_718@163.com.
Supported by:
Financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 42272110)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

浅水三角洲是含油气盆地中的重要储集层,河道砂体定量表征是高效勘探开发油气资源的基础。本研究定量测量9个现代三角洲的分支河道形态学参数,提出基于分支河道形态学差异可将三角洲分为伸长状、枝状与网状3类,供给沉积物粒度细、低砂地比利于伸长状分支河道形成,供给沉积物粒度中等、砂地比中等、高河流流量利于形成枝状分支河道,供给沉积物粒度相对粗、砂地比高、相对低河流流量利于网状分支河道形成。浅水湖盆背景下形成的霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙河街组一段(简称“沙一段”)浅水三角洲平原砂地比中等(0.34)、河流流量最强,形成枝状分支河道; 内前缘砂地比高(0.51)、河流流量较平原降低,形成网状分支河道。调研7个不同构造背景与供源体系的野外露头,挖掘其定量参数,数据表明供源体系与盆地类型控制河道规模,断陷湖盆扇三角洲分支河道规模最小,坳陷湖盆曲流河/辫状河三角洲分支河道砂体规模最大,分支河道与水下分支河道的厚度与宽度之间呈指数关系,由于外前缘水动力更为复杂,形成的水下分支河道砂体宽深比较平原、内前缘分支河道范围更广; 应用该定量关系得出霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段浅水三角洲平原分支河道宽度介于35.5~218.8 m之间,内前缘分支河道宽度介于25.1~138.1 m之间,外前缘水下分支河道宽度介于46.7~235.7 m之间,未受到湖浪等改造而呈现“席状化”的表现。期望以现代沉积和野外露头为基础,建立可适用于地下沉积区定量表征的三角洲河道砂体发育模型,为油气勘探与开发提供依据。

关键词: 浅水三角洲, 沉积特征, 定量表征, 控制因素, 霸县凹陷, 沙河街组, 沙一段

Abstract:

Shallow water delta is an important reservoir in hydrocarbon bearing basins. Quantitative characterization of channel sand bodies is the basis for efficient exploration and development of oil and gas resources. In this paper,the morphological parameters of distributary channels in nine modern deltas are quantitatively measured. Based on the morphological differences of distributary channels,the deltas can be divided into three types: elongated,branched and reticular. Fine grained sediments and low sand ratio are conducive to the formation of elongated distributary channels. Medium grained sediments,medium sand ratio and high river discharge are conducive to the formation of branched distributary channels. Coarse grained sediments,high sand ratio and relatively low river discharge are conducive to the formation of reticular distributary channels. The shallow-water delta plain of the first member of the Shahejie Formation in the Wen’an slope of the Baxian sag,developed under a shallow-water lacustrine basin background,exhibits a moderate sand ratio(0.34)and the strongest river flow,forming branched distributary channels. In contrast,the inner front has a higher sand ratio(0.51)and lower river energy,resulting in reticular distributary channels. The seven field outcrops of different tectonic backgrounds and source systems were investigated to extract their quantitative parameters. The data show that the source system and basin type control the scale of distributary channels. The scale of the fan delta distributary channel in the rift lacustrine basin is the smallest,and the scale of the meandering river/braided river delta distributary channel in the post-rift lacustrine basin is the largest. The thickness and width of distributary channels and their terminal branches follow an exponential relationship. Due to more complex hydrodynamic conditions in the outer front,the terminal distributary channel sand bodies are wider and thicker than those in the plain and inner front. Based on this quantitative relationship,in the study area the widths of distributary channels in shallow-water delta plain are estimated to range from 35.5 to 218.8 m,while those in the inner front range from 25.1 to 138.1 m,and the terminal distributary channels in the outer front range from 46.7 to 235.7 m,showing “sheeting” features modified by lake waves. This study aims to establish a delta channel sand body model for quantitative subsurface characterization, integrating modern and outcrop analogs, and to provide a foundation for oil and gas exploration.

Key words: shallow-water delta, sedimentary characteristics, quantitative characterization, controlling factors, Baxian sag, Shahejie Formation, First Member of Shahejie Formation

谢爽慧, 朱筱敏, 叶蕾, 黄捍东. 湖盆浅水三角洲河道砂体定量表征与控制因素探究及霸县凹陷实例^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2025, 27(2): 446-467.

XIE Shuanghui, ZHU Xiaomin, YE Lei, HUANG Handong. Quantitative characterization and analysis of controlling factors of channel sand bodies of shallow-water deltas in lacustrine basins, and an example from Baxian sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2025, 27(2): 446-467.

http://www.gdlxb.cn/CN/Y2025/V27/I2/446

图/表 17

表1 全球典型三角洲露头与现代沉积

Table1 Global typical delta outcrops and modern sediments

序号	实例	代号	位置	类型	沉积时期	研究对象	构造背景	岩性	参考文献
1	密西西比河三角洲(Mississippi River Delta)	MRD	美国	海相	现代	分支河道	/	粉砂岩	Fisk et al., 1954; Caldwell and Edmonds, 2014
2	奥莫河三角洲(Omo River Delta)	ORD	肯尼亚	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	/	Avery and Tebbs, 2018
3	得克萨斯湖三角洲(Lake Texoma Delta)	LTD	美国	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	粉砂岩	Howe, 2015
4	圣克莱尔湖三角洲(St Clair Lake Delta)	SCLD	加拿大、美国	湖相	现代	分支河道、水下分支河道	/	粉砂岩	Pezzetta, 1973
5	鹅河三角洲 (Goose River Delta)	GRD	加拿大	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	细砂岩	Caldwell and Edmonds, 2014; Burpee et al.,2015
6	大河湾三角洲	DHWD	中国	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	粉—细砂岩	李华章等, 1992; 李明涛等, 2014
7	沃克斯湖三角洲(Wax Lake Delta)	WLD	美国	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	细砂岩	Shaw et al., 2013
8	苔藓三角洲(Mossy River Delta)	MYRD	加拿大	湖相	现代	分支河道、水下分支河道	/	细砂岩	Caldwell and Edmonds, 2014
9	赣江三角洲	GJD	中国	湖相	现代	分支河道、水下分支河道	/	粉—细砂岩	冯文杰等, 2017
10	Valdaron 盆地	Val	意大利	湖相	早更新世	分支河道	断陷盆地	细—中砂岩	Fidolini and Ghinassi, 2016
11	Ermenek 盆地	Erm	土耳其	湖相	早中新世	分支河道	前陆盆地	卵石砾岩	Ilgar and Nemec, 2005
12	Guadix 盆地	Gua	西班牙	湖相	早更新世	分支河道	断陷盆地	细砂岩	García-García et al., 2006
13	鄂尔多斯盆地	Ord	中国	湖相	三叠纪	分支河道	坳陷盆地	细—中砂岩	Zou et al., 2010
14	Tucuncari盆地	Tuc	美国	海相	石炭纪— 二叠纪	分支河道	前陆盆地	细砂岩	Van Yperen et al.,2019
15	准噶尔盆地	Jun	中国	湖相	二叠纪; 侏罗纪	分支河道、水下分支河道	坳陷盆地	细砂岩	陈彬滔等, 2012;Olariu et al., 2021
16	Uinta 盆地	Uin	美国	湖相	始新世	水下分支河道	/	中—细砂岩	Birgenheier et al., 2020
17	渤海湾盆地	/	中国	湖相	古近纪	分支河道、水下分支河道	断陷盆地	粉—细砂岩	本文实例

表1 全球典型三角洲露头与现代沉积

Table1 Global typical delta outcrops and modern sediments

序号	实例	代号	位置	类型	沉积时期	研究对象	构造背景	岩性	参考文献
1	密西西比河三角洲(Mississippi River Delta)	MRD	美国	海相	现代	分支河道	/	粉砂岩	Fisk et al., 1954; Caldwell and Edmonds, 2014
2	奥莫河三角洲(Omo River Delta)	ORD	肯尼亚	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	/	Avery and Tebbs, 2018
3	得克萨斯湖三角洲(Lake Texoma Delta)	LTD	美国	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	粉砂岩	Howe, 2015
4	圣克莱尔湖三角洲(St Clair Lake Delta)	SCLD	加拿大、美国	湖相	现代	分支河道、水下分支河道	/	粉砂岩	Pezzetta, 1973
5	鹅河三角洲 (Goose River Delta)	GRD	加拿大	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	细砂岩	Caldwell and Edmonds, 2014; Burpee et al.,2015
6	大河湾三角洲	DHWD	中国	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	粉—细砂岩	李华章等, 1992; 李明涛等, 2014
7	沃克斯湖三角洲(Wax Lake Delta)	WLD	美国	湖相	现代	分支河道	/	细砂岩	Shaw et al., 2013
8	苔藓三角洲(Mossy River Delta)	MYRD	加拿大	湖相	现代	分支河道、水下分支河道	/	细砂岩	Caldwell and Edmonds, 2014
9	赣江三角洲	GJD	中国	湖相	现代	分支河道、水下分支河道	/	粉—细砂岩	冯文杰等, 2017
10	Valdaron 盆地	Val	意大利	湖相	早更新世	分支河道	断陷盆地	细—中砂岩	Fidolini and Ghinassi, 2016
11	Ermenek 盆地	Erm	土耳其	湖相	早中新世	分支河道	前陆盆地	卵石砾岩	Ilgar and Nemec, 2005
12	Guadix 盆地	Gua	西班牙	湖相	早更新世	分支河道	断陷盆地	细砂岩	García-García et al., 2006
13	鄂尔多斯盆地	Ord	中国	湖相	三叠纪	分支河道	坳陷盆地	细—中砂岩	Zou et al., 2010
14	Tucuncari盆地	Tuc	美国	海相	石炭纪— 二叠纪	分支河道	前陆盆地	细砂岩	Van Yperen et al.,2019
15	准噶尔盆地	Jun	中国	湖相	二叠纪; 侏罗纪	分支河道、水下分支河道	坳陷盆地	细砂岩	陈彬滔等, 2012;Olariu et al., 2021
16	Uinta 盆地	Uin	美国	湖相	始新世	水下分支河道	/	中—细砂岩	Birgenheier et al., 2020
17	渤海湾盆地	/	中国	湖相	古近纪	分支河道、水下分支河道	断陷盆地	粉—细砂岩	本文实例

图1 浅水三角洲亚相划分及测量参数示意
A—亚微相划分方案; B—剖面参数测量示意; C—平面参数测量示意。B为单一河道砂体宽度,B_cb为河道带宽度,H为单一河道砂体厚度,H_cb为河道带厚度,L为三角洲长度,W为三角洲宽度,S为分支河道弯曲度,α为分支河道分叉角度

Fig.1 Diagram showing subfacies types and measurement parameters of shallow-water delta

图2 典型浅水三角洲分支河道与水下分支河道沉积特征
A—美国Tucuncari盆地分支河道楔状交错层理(Van Yperen et al.,2019);B—美国Tucuncari盆地分支河道槽状交错层理(Van Yperen et al.,2019);C—意大利Valdaron盆地上更新统分支河道垂向序列(底部侵蚀,向上交错层理)(Fidolini and Ghinassi,2016);D—中国鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系长6₃浅水曲流河三角洲露头及对应解释(Zou et al.,2010);E—美国San Juan盆地水下分支河道低角度交错层理(Lin et al.,2020);F—中国准噶尔盆地二叠系水下分支河道对称波纹(Olariu et al.,2021);G—中国准噶尔盆地二叠系水下分支河道含生物钻孔的波状层理(Olariu et al.,2021);H—美国San Juan盆地水下分支河道垂直的生物钻孔(Lin et al.,2020);I—美国犹他州白垩系砂岩水下分支河道演化过程剖面及解释(Olariu and Bhattacharya,2006)

Fig.2 Sedimentary characteristics of typical shallow-water delta distributary channels and terminal distributary channels

图3 现代典型三角洲实例(Geogle Earth卫星图像)
A—美国密西西比河三角洲(MRD);B—埃塞俄比亚—肯尼亚奥莫河三角洲(ORD);C—美国得克萨斯湖三角洲(LTD);D—美国—加拿大圣克莱尔湖三角洲(SCLD);E—加拿大鹅河三角洲(GRD);F—中国大河湾三角洲(DHWD);G—美国沃克斯湖三角洲(WLD); H—加拿大苔藓三角洲(MYRD);I—中国赣江三角洲(GJD)

Fig.3 Typical examples of modern deltas(Geogle Earth satellite images)

图4 现代三角洲分支河道相关参数统计
图例中三角洲代号见表1,图3;每个三角洲测量多个参数,C与D中的数据为平均值

Fig.4 Parameter statistics of distributary channels of modern deltas

图5 典型沉积盆地水深与三角洲形态参数散点图
A—盆地水深与分支河道个数; B—盆地水深与分支河道弯曲度。盆地水深为均值; 水深数据来自表1参考文献

Fig.5 Scatter diagram of basin water depth and morphology parameters of deltas in typical sedimentary basins

图6 典型沉积盆地沉积物粒度及组成与三角洲形态参数散点图
A—沉积物粒度(D₅₀)与分支河道形态学参数; B—砂岩含量与分支河道形态学参数。每个三角洲的D₅₀、分叉角度与弯曲度均为该三角洲所有对应数据的均值; D₅₀数据依据表1中对应参考文献获得; 分叉角度与弯曲度依据图3测量获得

Fig.6 Scatter diagrams of sediment grain size,composition and morphology parameters of deltas in typical sedimentary basins

图7 不同形态三角洲形成条件及沉积模式
A—伸长状分支河道三角洲; B—枝状分支河道三角洲; C—网状分支河道三角洲

Fig.7 Formation conditions and sedimentary models of different morphological deltas

图8 基于露头的分支河道与水下分支河道厚度与宽度散点图(实例代号见表1)
A—分支河道厚度与宽度关系; B—水下分支河道厚度与宽度关系

Fig.8 Scatter diagrams of thickness and width of distributary channels and terminal distributary channels based on outcrops(Case study codes are shown in Table 1)

图9 不同类型浅水三角洲沉积物组成及对应的分支河道厚度(三角洲实例代号见表1)
A—不同供源体系的三角洲沉积物组成; B—分支河道厚度与沉积物粒度的关系

Fig.9 Sediment composition and corresponding distributary channel thickness of different types of shallow-water deltas(Dalta codes are shown in Table 1)

图10 霸县凹陷文安斜坡位置及沙一段综合柱状图

Fig.10 Location map and comprehensive histogram of the First Member of Shahejie Formation of Wen’an Slope,Baxian sag

图11 霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段浅水三角洲岩心序列及沉积构造
A—平原岩心序列。B—平原沉积构造: a—W44井,槽状交错层理; b—W44井,槽状交错层理,冲刷面; c—W64井,中型楔状交错层理细砂岩,具顺层泥砾的冲刷面; d—W64井,楔状交错层理细砂岩,具顺层泥砾的冲刷面; e—W106井,顺层砾石; f—W106井,植物碎屑。C—内前缘岩心序列。D—内前缘沉积构造: g—W106井,小型楔状交错层理; h—W106井,小型楔状交错层理; i—W106井,小型楔状交错层理; j—W106井,冲刷面及顺层排列的砾石; k—W110井,水平层理; l—W110井,波状层理; m—W65井,波状交错层理; n—W65井,波状层理; o—W65井,泥质条带。E—外前缘岩心序列。F—外前缘沉积构造: p—W32井,小型波状交错层理粉砂岩; q—W32井,虫孔和生物扰动的水平纹层粉砂岩; r—W32井,岩性突变,递变层理粉砂岩; s—W32井,富集碳屑的波状层理; t—W32井,变形层理粉砂岩和岩性突变; u—W32井,变形层理,泥岩撕裂屑; v—W32井,平行层理与定向碳屑。DC=分支河道,TDC=水下分支河道,MB=河口坝,SS=席状砂,IDC=支流间湾

Fig.11 Core sequence and sedimentary structures of shallow-water delta of the First Member of Shahejie Formation of Wen’an Slope,Baxian sag

图12 霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段沉积相综合解释(切片范围见图10)
A—岩电关系; B—切片位置及对应岩性剖面;C—地层切片(Ss19);D—沉积相平面图

Fig.12 Comprehensive interpretation of sedimentary facies of the First Member of Shahejie Formation in Wen’an Slope,Baxian sag(location seen Fig.10)

图13 霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段浅水三角洲地震剖面(剖面位置见图10)
A—原始地震剖面; B—反演剖面。TWT为双程反射时间

Fig.13 Seismic profiles of shallow-water delta of the First Member of Shahejie Formation in Wen’an Slope,Baxian sag(location seen Fig.10)

图14 霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段浅水三角洲形成过程模式

Fig.14 Model diagram of formation process of shallow water delta of the First Member of Shahejie Formation in Wen’an slope of Baxian sag

表2 霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段浅水三角洲分支河道与水下分支河道参数统计

Table2 Statistics of parameters of distributary channels and terminal distributary channels of shallow-water delta of the First Member of Shahejie Formation in Wen’an slope,Baxian sag

亚相	微相	砂地比	厚度/m	宽度/m	弯曲度
TK2JK3〗平原	分支河道	0.34	$4.0 2.0 ~ 9.1$	$84.5 35.5 ~ 218.8$	$1.02 1.01 ~ 1.06$
内前缘	分支河道	0.51	$3.3 1.5 ~ 6.2$	$64.5 25.1 ~ 138.1$	$1.05 1.01 ~ 1.11$
外前缘	水下分支河道	0.24	$2.7 1.0 ~ 5.4$	$118.7 46.7 ~ 235.7$	$1.03 1.01 ~ 1.07$

表2 霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段浅水三角洲分支河道与水下分支河道参数统计

Table2 Statistics of parameters of distributary channels and terminal distributary channels of shallow-water delta of the First Member of Shahejie Formation in Wen’an slope,Baxian sag

亚相	微相	砂地比	厚度/m	宽度/m	弯曲度
TK2JK3〗平原	分支河道	0.34	$4.0 2.0 ~ 9.1$	$84.5 35.5 ~ 218.8$	$1.02 1.01 ~ 1.06$
内前缘	分支河道	0.51	$3.3 1.5 ~ 6.2$	$64.5 25.1 ~ 138.1$	$1.05 1.01 ~ 1.11$
外前缘	水下分支河道	0.24	$2.7 1.0 ~ 5.4$	$118.7 46.7 ~ 235.7$	$1.03 1.01 ~ 1.07$

表3 霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段浅水三角洲与现代沉积、野外露头的对比

Table3 Correlation between shallow water delta of the First Member of Shahejie Formation in Wen’an slope of Baxian sag and modern sediments and field outcrops

霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段			对比的现代沉积实例	基于露头的经验公式	霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙一段
亚相	微相	平面形态	对比的现代沉积实例	基于露头的经验公式	(水下)分支河道厚度/m	计算的(水下) 分支河道宽度/m	反演的(水下) 分支河道宽度/m
平原	分支河道	枝状	美国—加拿大圣克莱尔湖三角洲	W_dc=15.46×h_dc^1.20	2.0~9.1	35.5~218.8	49.5~172.8
内前缘	分支河道	网状	中国赣江三角洲	W_dc=15.46×h_dc^1.20	1.5~6.2	25.1~138.1	35.3~106.1
外前缘	水下分支河道	席状	中国黄旗海大河湾三角洲	W_tdc=46.69×h_tdc^0.96	1.0~5.4	46.7~235.7	/

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湖盆浅水三角洲河道砂体定量表征与控制因素探究及霸县凹陷实例^*

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湖盆浅水三角洲河道砂体定量表征与控制因素探究及霸县凹陷实例*

Quantitative characterization and analysis of controlling factors of channel sand bodies of shallow-water deltas in lacustrine basins, and an example from Baxian sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

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湖盆浅水三角洲河道砂体定量表征与控制因素探究及霸县凹陷实例^*