摘要： “北方海上丝绸之路”作为中国古代与东亚各国进行贸易往来的重要海上通道,促进了宋元时期海上丝绸之路的大发展并成就了明朝大航海的辉煌,研究其始发港的变迁与原因对“海上丝绸之路研究体系”的完善和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的建设具有重要意义,但目前鲜有研究。基于古代典籍、地方志和历史地图的记载,结合前人对历史时期中国环境变化的认识,对隋唐至明清时期长江三角洲地区“北方海上丝绸之路”主要始发港的变迁与原因进行研究。结果表明: (1)隋唐—明清时期中国长江三角洲地区先后兴起了3个“北方海上丝绸之路”主要始发港,扬州港盛于隋唐,上海港盛于唐宋,明州港(今宁波港)盛于宋元; (2)气候变冷引起的北方少数民族南犯,中原地区经济和政治中心南迁,北方海上丝绸之路的始发港由登州(今蓬莱)迁到了长江三角洲地区; (3)随泥沙堆积,雁形式沙洲发育,河口分汊东伸南移,长江河口海岸由喇叭形的河口湾演化为三角洲,这是引起始发港由扬州港向东迁往上海港、乃至明州港的根本原因; (4)长江河口沙洲的发育,引起了长江扬州港段和上海港段水系的变化,使得2个港作为始发港时,港口的具体位置不断地随河势变化而调整; (5)对外贸易政策的变化亦对始发港的兴衰与变迁起到一定的促进或阻碍作用。

关键词: 北方海上丝绸之路, 扬州港, 上海港, 明州港, 气候变冷, 河口海岸

Abstract: Being an important waterway for trade between China and East Asian countries in ancient times,the Northern Maritime Silk Road promoted the great development of the Maritime Silk Road during Song to Yuan Dynasties,and achieved the glory of the great navigation in the Ming Dynasty. It is of great significance to study the changes and causes of the departure port for the improvement of the “Maritime Silk Road Research System”and the construction of the “21^st Century Maritime Silk Road”,but so far there is little research. Based on the records of ancient Chinese books,local chronicles and historical maps,combined with the previous understanding of China's environmental changes in the historical period,this paper studies the changes and causes of the main departure ports of the northern MSR in the Yangtze River Delta region from the Sui and Tang dynasties to Ming and Qing dynasties. The results show that: (1)During the Sui-Tang and Ming-Qing Dynasties,three main departure ports of the northern MSR emerged successively in the Yangtze River Delta region. The Yangzhou port flourished during the Sui and Tang dynasties,the Shanghai Port rose in Tang and Song dynasties,and the Mingzhou port(now Ningbo port)thrived during the Song and Yuan dynasties;(2)As the climate became cooler,the northern ethnic minorities were committed to invading the south,the economic and political center of Central China moved southwards. As a result,the departure port of the northern MSR moved from the Dengzhou(now Penglai)in northern Shandong peninsula to the Yangtze River Delta region; (3)With the accumulation of sediment,the echelon-shaped shoals developed,the estuary branched eastward and moved southwards,and the river-mouth coastlines of the Yangtze River evolved from a trumpet-shaped estuary to a delta. That is the key reason for the departure port to move eastwards from the Yangzhou port to Shanghai port and even to abandon the Yangtze River mouth and shift to Mingzhou port at the Hangzhou Bay,i.e. the Qiantangjiang River estuary;(4)The development of shoals in the mouth of the Yangtze River has also caused changes in the water systems in the areas of the Yangzhou port and Shanghai port,so that the specific positions of the ports are constantly adjusted following the changes of river conditions when these two ports are used as the main departure ports of northern MSR; (5)Changes in foreign trade policies also played a certain role in promoting or hindering the changes of the main departure port.

Key words: Northern Maritime Silk Road, Yangzhou port, Shanghai port, Mingzhou port, climate cooling, estuary and coast

中图分类号: 

• K921

• K927