摘要： 农业开发已经直接或间接地影响并正在影响自然环境的许多方面,中国农业开发历史悠久,对自然环境造成的影响广泛而强烈,对认识人类活动导致的全球与区域环境变化具有代表性。文中总结了近年来基于考古和历史文献记录的中国历史耕地变化定量重建和耕地开发环境影响的研究成果。主要结论包括: (1)中国在历史耕地变化重建方面具有独特的优势,主要数据源包括田亩、税赋、人口等与耕地数量相关的数值记录,考古遗址点、聚落、路网、行政建制等与农业活动相关的信息,有关土地开发和农业生产的描述性记录等三大类。 (2)对全国尺度的耕地面积推断始于春秋战国时期,过去1000年以来已重建了省(路)域的垦殖率,过去300年基于历史记录重建的东北、华北等区域垦殖率的分辨率已到县,在重建基础上利用分配模型获得的过去300年格网化垦殖率的分辨率可达10 km×10 km甚至1 km×1 km。相比于当前广泛使用的国际数据集,这些区域定量重建结果更为准确。(3)历史时期中国耕地的3次大规模扩张分别主要出现在西汉、两宋和清中叶,与此相对应,植被破坏和水土流失从北方地区扩展到南方地区,从平原低地扩展到低山丘陵、深山地区;过去300年耕地变化导致了碳排放的增加和可辨识的区域气候变化。未来中国的历史耕地变化重建及其对环境影响研究,应与国际过去土地利用/覆盖研究衔接,研究重点为延长历史耕地重建时限、提高重建单元的空间分辨率和改进耕地格网化分配模型。

关键词: 土地利用/覆盖变化, 重建, 耕地, 农业, 气候变化, 中国

Abstract: Agricultural land-use change has directly or indirectly affected and is affecting many aspects of the natural environment. China is one of the representative areas for understanding the global and regional environmental changes induced by cropland change caused by the extensive and intensive impacts on natural environment in its long agricultural history. This paper reviewed the achievements of the historical LUCC (land use and cover change) reconstruction based on historical documents and archaeological records,and the environmental impacts caused by land reclamation in China in recent years. The main conclusions are shown as follows: (1)China has unique advantages in the study of historical cropland reconstruction because of its abundant historical and archaeological data sources,including figures related to cropland,such as cropland area,tax,and population,etc.;location-related information on agriculture,such as archaeological sites,settlements,road network,administrative systems,etc.;literature descriptions on the history of land reclamation and agriculture development. (2)The earliest estimation on the area of cropland or fraction of cropland on national scale is as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period;the fraction of cropland cover reconstructed based on historical documents on provincial(Lu)scale has been already reconstructed since the past 1000 years in the traditional agricultural region of China,and county scale over the last 300 years in the regions of Northeast China,North China,etc.;and down scaling by the allocation model,the spatial resolution of the grid derived from the historical documents-based reconstructions in last 300 years could reach 10 km×10 km or even 1 km×1 km. These regional reconstructions are more accurate than the current widely used global datasets. (3)There are mainly three times large-scale expansion of cropland reclamation in the Western Han Dynasty,Song Dynasties and middle Qing Dynasty,respectively. Vegetation deterioration,soil erosion correspondingly extended from the northern China to the southern China,from plains to low hills and remote mountains. The cropland reclamation over the last 300 years has led to increase of carbon emissions and identifiable regional climate changes. Prospects on the studies of historical cropland cover change and its environmental impacts in China should be integrated into international researches on past land use/cover. The main focuses are on extending the duration of reconstruction,fining the spatial resolution of reconstruction units,and improving the allocation model.

Key words: land use and cover change, reconstruction, cropland, agriculture, climate change, China

中图分类号: 

• P532

• P534.63