古地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (6): 841-850. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2015.06.069

• 古今地理环境及人类文明 • 上一篇    下一篇

陕西榆林和河南洛阳地区4 ka BP前后聚落演化差异及其古气候原因

王建军1,胡珂2,鲁鹏3,莫多闻1,金羽翔1,姜佳奇1,吕建晴1   

  1. 1 北京大学城市与环境学院,北京100871
    2 陕西省考古研究院,陕西西安710043
    3 河南省科学院地理研究所,河南郑州450052
  • 收稿日期:2015-06-15 修回日期:2015-08-20 出版日期:2015-12-01 发布日期:2015-12-01
  • 通讯作者: 莫多闻,男,1955年生,北京大学城市与环境学院教授,主要从事地貌过程与沉积、环境演变与环境考古工作。E-mail: dmo@urban.pku.edu.cn。
  • 作者简介:王建军,男,1988年生,北京大学城市与环境学院硕士研究生,研究方向为地貌学、环境演变与环境考古。E-mail: wangjjun_pku@163.com。
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金项目 (编号:41171006), 国家科技支撑计划项目课题 (编号:2013BAK08B02), 国家社科基金重大项目 (编号:11&ZD183) 和郑州中华之源与嵩山文明研究会重大课题共同资助

Difference and its palaeoclimate reason of settlement evolution between Yulin area of Shaanxi Province and Luoyang area of Henan Province around 44 Ka BP

Wang Jianjun1,Hu Ke2,Lu Peng3,Mo Duowen1,Jin Yuxiang1,Jiang Jiaqi1,Lü Jianqing1   

  1. 1 College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871
    2 Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology,Xi'an 710043,Shaanxi
    3 Institute of Geographical Sciences,Henan Academy of Sciences,Zhengzhou 450052,Henan
  • Received:2015-06-15 Revised:2015-08-20 Online:2015-12-01 Published:2015-12-01
  • Contact: Mo Duowen,born in 1955,is a professor of Peking University. He is mainly engaged in geomorphologic processes and sedimentation,environmental evolution and environmental archaeology. E-mail: dmo@urban.pku.edu.cn
  • About author:Wang Jianjun,born in 1988,is a master degree candidate of Peking University. His research direction is geomorphology,environmental evolution and environmental archaeology. E-mail: wangjjun_pku@163.com.

摘要:

陕西榆林和河南洛阳地区44 Ka BP前后聚落密度统计表明,44 Ka BP之前的龙山时期,两地区人类文化均得到充分发展,区域聚落密度位于中国同时期前列。44 Ka BP之后的夏商时期,洛阳地区聚落密度进一步增加,而榆林地区人口和聚落密度锐减,人类文化呈现明显的衰落趋势。由于地理位置的差异,两地现代年平均降水量相差约200mm。榆林地区人类活动区域主要为黄土丘陵地貌,有限的河流水资源难以利用,旱作农业主要依赖降水。洛阳地区降水丰沛,且盆地平原区可以便利地利用河流水资源,降水波动对区域文化发展影响较小。古气候研究表明,44 Ka BP前后存在1次重要的全新世气候干凉化事件。该事件之后,洛阳地区的年平均降水量大约从650mm降至500mm,仍高于旱作农业所需最低降水量,因而人类文化仍得到进一步发展。榆林地区的年平均降水量大约从450mm降至350mm,由半湿润气候转变为半干旱气候,导致主要依赖降水的旱作农业难以为继。两地区地理位置和环境特征的差异是影响各自文化演化的基础因素,44 Ka BP前后的气候干凉化事件是导致两地文化演化产生两种不同结果的直接原因。

关键词: 榆林地区, 洛阳地区, 聚落分布, 环境特征, 气候因素

Abstract:

We analyzed the change of settlement density in Yulin area of Shaanxi Province and Luoyang area of Henan Province around 44 Ka BP. The culture of these two areas were both well developed during the period of Longshan (before 44 Ka BP) and the settlement densities of the two areas were on top of the list in China at that time. The further increase of the settlement density occured in Luoyang area during the period of the Xia and Shang Dynasties (after 44 Ka BP), but the density of population and settlement declined sharply in Yulin area after 44 Ka BP,which obviously reflected the decline of the culture. According to the geographical position differences,the mean annual precipitation in Luoyang area is 200mm higher than Yulin area. The landform of the loess hills is the main human activity place in Yulin area,where the limited water resource of river is not easy to be used. The development of dry farming mainly depends on the rainfall. The rainfall is abundant in Luoyang area and human beings can conveniently use river water resources in basin plain. So the fluctuations of the rainfall cannot influence the development of dry farming. The study of palaeoclimate showed that there was a significant climate event around 44 Ka BP. After this climate event,the mean annual precipitation declined approximately from 650mm to 500mm in Luoyang area. But it was still higher than the minimum precipitation that dryland farming needed. So the human culture could develop much further. The mean annual precipitation declined approximately from 450mm to 350mm in Yulin area,which made the climate change from sub-humid to semi-arid. The climate change made dryland farming cannot develop further. This study proves that the differences of the geographical setting and environmental characteristics between the two areas are the basic factors that affect their respective cultural evolution. The climate event around 44 Ka BP is the direct driving factor that leads to two different results.

Key words: Yulin area, Luoyang area, settlement distribution, environmental characteristics, climate factor

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