Geomorphological types and characteristics of burnt rocks in China and their exploitation analysis

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2026.136

Abstract

Abstract:

In the margins of the major sedimentary basins in northern and western China,burnt rocks formed from the spontaneous combustion of coal seams are commonly found,resulting in special burnt rock landform. This landform is widely distributed in China,commonly with bright colore. However,its scientific and tourist values have been hardly focused on in literature. Few studies have involved the tourism development of such burnt rock landforms in China. Based on field investigations of outcrop sections,this study classifies these landforms into: burnt hilly landforms(including burnt red hilly landform,burnt colorful hilly landform and peak-covered landform of burnt rocks), erosional landform of burnt rocks(including gully landform,steep cliff landforms), collapse landform and loess-covering burnt rock landform according to the process of coal spontaneous combustion,landform genesis,spatial distribution and color of the burnt rocks. Among them,hilly and erosional landforms are commonly seen,while collapse landform mainly exists in areas where underground coal seams are burning. Loess-covering burnt rock landform formed with the Quaternary loess covering the burnt rocks. The formation of various burnt rock landforms is mainly controlled by such factors as coal seam thickness,stratum occurrence,tectonic movement,river erosion and paleoclimate. Burnt rock landforms should be given more attention due to its scientific value and tourism exploitation value. These burnt rock landforms have significant scientific and tourism development values and deserve appropriate attention.

Key words: coal spontaneous combustion, burnt rock, landform, tourism landscape

摘要：

在中国北方、西部主要沉积盆地的边缘地区常见煤层自燃形成的烧变岩,从而形成特殊的烧变岩地貌,其分布广泛,常色彩艳丽,具矿产价值和科研价值,但前人研究涉及较少,对其旅游价值的开发也极为忽视。在多个露头剖面实地调查的基础上,本次研究依据煤层自燃过程、烧变岩空间分布及颜色、地貌成因,将烧变岩地貌划分为烧变丘陵地貌(包括红色烧变丘陵、彩色烧变丘陵地貌和烧变岩披覆山顶地貌)、烧变侵蚀地貌(包括烧变岩沟谷地貌、烧变岩陡崖地貌)、塌陷地貌和黄土覆盖(烧变岩)地貌。其中烧变丘陵地貌和烧变侵蚀地貌是常见的烧变岩地貌,而塌陷地貌主要存在于地腹煤层正在燃烧的地域,黄土覆盖烧变岩地貌是第四纪黄土覆盖烧变岩(烧变岩零星出露或被完全覆盖)形成的特殊地貌。各类烧变岩地貌的形成主要受控于煤层厚度、产状、构造变动、河流溯源侵蚀、古气候等多种条件。烧变岩地貌具有明显的科学价值和旅游开发价值,应予关注。

关键词: 煤层自燃, 烧变岩, 地貌, 旅游景观

CLC Number:

P931.5

SHI Zhiqiang, HUANG Junjie, DONG Yan, FENG Changjuan, CHEN Bin. Geomorphological types and characteristics of burnt rocks in China and their exploitation analysis[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2026, 28(4): 1217-1229.

时志强, 黄俊杰, 董燕, 冯常娟, 陈彬. 中国烧变岩地貌的类型、特征与开发分析^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2026, 28(4): 1217-1229.

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References 39

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地貌分类		分类依据		形成原因
地貌分类		地貌特点	烧变岩特征	形成原因
烧变丘陵地貌	红色烧变丘陵地貌	红、紫色为主的丘陵	大厚度的红色烧结岩、烧烤岩	含煤地层倾角一般较缓,整体构造抬升导致煤层大面积出露,而后发生自燃,后烧变岩被风化、剥蚀后形成此种丘陵地貌
	彩色烧变丘陵地貌	红、褐、棕、白、钢灰、黑、绿、黄等多种色调混杂的丘陵	各类烧变岩均有,且厚度不一、混杂分布
	烧变岩披覆山顶地貌	前期已经形成的烧变岩披覆在陡峻的山顶之上	烧变岩形成于构造隆升之前,风化剥蚀显著,保留厚度变化大
烧变侵蚀地貌	烧变岩沟谷地貌	在下切侵蚀较浅的河谷两侧发育烧变岩	烧变岩一般规模小、总厚度不大	构造抬升活动显著,河流侵蚀影响显著。煤层自燃、河流侵蚀、河岸烧变岩垮塌相辅相成,共同造就了此种侵蚀地貌。
烧变侵蚀地貌	烧变岩陡崖地貌	显著的陡崖地貌	大厚度烧变岩垮塌明显,颜色多样	构造抬升活动显著,河流侵蚀影响显著。煤层自燃、河流侵蚀、河岸烧变岩垮塌相辅相成,共同造就了此种侵蚀地貌。
塌陷地貌		地腹煤层自燃造就的地表岩石破裂、沉降地貌	烧变岩正在形成	煤层自燃导致体积损失,不足以支撑上覆地层
黄土覆盖地貌		烧变岩被黄土覆盖地貌	烧变岩规模不一,仅局部出露	较早形成的烧变岩被第四纪黄土覆盖

地貌分类		分类依据		形成原因
地貌分类		地貌特点	烧变岩特征	形成原因
烧变丘陵地貌	红色烧变丘陵地貌	红、紫色为主的丘陵	大厚度的红色烧结岩、烧烤岩	含煤地层倾角一般较缓,整体构造抬升导致煤层大面积出露,而后发生自燃,后烧变岩被风化、剥蚀后形成此种丘陵地貌
	彩色烧变丘陵地貌	红、褐、棕、白、钢灰、黑、绿、黄等多种色调混杂的丘陵	各类烧变岩均有,且厚度不一、混杂分布
	烧变岩披覆山顶地貌	前期已经形成的烧变岩披覆在陡峻的山顶之上	烧变岩形成于构造隆升之前,风化剥蚀显著,保留厚度变化大
烧变侵蚀地貌	烧变岩沟谷地貌	在下切侵蚀较浅的河谷两侧发育烧变岩	烧变岩一般规模小、总厚度不大	构造抬升活动显著,河流侵蚀影响显著。煤层自燃、河流侵蚀、河岸烧变岩垮塌相辅相成,共同造就了此种侵蚀地貌。
烧变侵蚀地貌	烧变岩陡崖地貌	显著的陡崖地貌	大厚度烧变岩垮塌明显,颜色多样	构造抬升活动显著,河流侵蚀影响显著。煤层自燃、河流侵蚀、河岸烧变岩垮塌相辅相成,共同造就了此种侵蚀地貌。
塌陷地貌		地腹煤层自燃造就的地表岩石破裂、沉降地貌	烧变岩正在形成	煤层自燃导致体积损失,不足以支撑上覆地层
黄土覆盖地貌		烧变岩被黄土覆盖地貌	烧变岩规模不一,仅局部出露	较早形成的烧变岩被第四纪黄土覆盖

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