Response processes and patterns of terrestrial ecosystems to the Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2026.021

Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition） ›› 2026, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (4): 1289-1304. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.021

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Response processes and patterns of terrestrial ecosystems to the Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode

ZHANG Peixin¹^,²(), ZHANG Jiaxuan¹, YANG Minfang³, JIANG Zhongfeng¹, ZHOU Kai², XU Xiaotao⁴, WANG Yong¹, SHAO Longyi², LU Jing²()

¹ School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Pingdingshan 467036, China
² College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
³ Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
⁴ General Prospecting Institute of China National Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100038, China

Received:2025-04-17 Revised:2025-05-23 Online:2026-08-01 Published:2026-08-14
Contact: LU Jing,born in 1976,a professor and supervisor of doctoral students,is mainly engaged in the teaching and research work of coal sedimentology. E-mail: lujing@cumtb.edu.cn.
About author:
ZHANG Peixin,born in 1991,a lecturer and supervisor of master’s students,is mainly engaged in the teaching and research work of coal sedimentology and global environmental change. E-mail: pxzhang@huuc.edu.cn.
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0800203/01); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472227); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42402179); Geological Heritage Protection Project in the Liujiang Basin of Hebei Province(Z1303002403442001); Key Scientific Research Project of Henan Higher Education Institutions(24B410001); Fund of Henan University of Urban Construction(KX2024022); Fund of Henan University of Urban Construction(KX2024023); Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(202411765018)

陆地生态系统演变对晚三叠世卡尼期洪泛事件的响应过程和模式^*

张培新¹^,²(), 张佳宣¹, 杨敏芳³, 姜忠峰¹, 周凯², 徐小涛⁴, 王勇¹, 邵龙义², 鲁静²()

¹ 河南城建学院市政与环境工程学院, 河南平顶山 467036
² 中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院, 北京 100083
³ 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
⁴ 中国煤炭地质调查总局, 北京 100038

通讯作者: 鲁静,男,1976年生,教授,博导,主要从事煤沉积学的教学及研究工作。E-mail: lujing@cumtb.edu.cn。
作者简介:
张培新,男,1991年生,讲师,硕导,主要从事煤沉积学与全球环境变化的教学及研究工作。E-mail: pxzhang@huuc.edu.cn。
基金资助:
*国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0800203/01); 国家自然科学基金项目(42472227); 国家自然科学基金项目(42402179); 河北省柳江盆地地质遗迹保护项目(Z1303002403442001); 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(24B410001); 河南城建学院科教融汇项目(KX2024022); 河南城建学院科教融汇项目(KX2024023); 河南城建学院大学生创新创业训练计划(202411765018)

Abstract

Abstract:

The Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode(CPE,~234-232 Ma)is characterized by a sharp increase in global temperature and humidity,accompanied by significant changes in marine and terrestrial ecosystems,and is associated with the eruptions of the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province(LIP). Much of the current research on CPE has focused on marine strata with well-constrained stratigraphy,while research on the response processes of terrestrial ecosystems to CPE has been limited. Here,we review the status of terrestrial environmental,climatic,and plant changes during the CPE and explore its potential driving mechanisms. The evidence of multiple nearly synchronous negative carbon isotope excursions(CIEs),mercury(Hg)enrichment anomalies(peaks in the Hg/TOC ratio),and Hg isotopes provides direct evidence that the Wrangellia LIP was a driving factor for the significant changes in terrestrial environment,climate,and biology during the CPE. The eruption of the Wrangellia LIP released a large amount of CO₂,triggering global warming. This has led to enhanced atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycles,promoting increased global rainfall and a shift in climatic conditions from relatively warm and dry to relatively warm and humid. These conditions have resulted in the extensive development of terrestrial deltas and swamps,the rise of lake levels,the intensification of chemical weathering,the increase of hygrophytic plants and freshwater algae,and the re-emergence of global coal accumulation,as well as the origin and radiation of dinosaurs,coniferous plants,insects,crocodiles,turtles,and mammals. Terrestrial weathering,the expansion of surface water systems,and an increase in hygrophytic plants and freshwater algae have driven a significant rise in the amount of terrestrial organic carbon buried,contributing to the resurgence of global coal accumulation. The increase in the amount of organic carbon buried and the re-emergence of global coal accumulation have created negative feedback on the improvement in global atmospheric conditions. This can counteract the greenhouse effect caused by the release of greenhouse gases from the Wrangellia LIP,facilitate the gradual stabilization of the environment and climate during the CPE,and ultimately lead to the termination of the CPE. These results suggest that LIP can occur in multiple pulse forms and have a powerful ability to alter the carbon cycle,trigger environmental and climatic changes,and drive macroevolution of organisms. On the other hand,global coal accumulation plays a crucial role in climate stability.

Key words: Late Triassic, Carnian Pluvial Episode, terrestrial ecosystem, coal accumulation, Wrangellia Large Igneous Province

摘要：

晚三叠世卡尼期洪泛事件(Carnian Pluvial Episode,CPE,~234—232 Ma)以全球温度和湿度的急剧上升为特征,伴随着海洋和陆地生态系统的显著变化,并与兰格利亚大火成岩省的喷发有关。目前大量有关CPE的研究主要集中在地层约束良好的海相地层中,而陆地生态系统对CPE事件响应过程的研究有限。本研究回顾了CPE期间陆地环境-气候和植物变化的研究现状,并对其潜在驱动机制进行了探讨。几乎同步出现的多次碳同位素负偏移(CIEs)与Hg富集异常(Hg/TOC峰值)和Hg同位素证据,提供了兰格利亚大火成岩省是CPE期间陆地环境、气候和生物显著变化驱动因素的直接证据。兰格利亚大火成岩省喷发释放的大量CO₂引发全球变暖,导致大气环流与水文循环增强,促使全球降雨量增加和气候由暖干转向暖湿。这些变化造成陆地上三角洲和沼泽广泛发育、湖平面上升、化学风化作用加剧、湿生植物和淡水藻类增多、全球聚煤作用再现,以及针叶类植物、恐龙、昆虫、鳄鱼、海龟、哺乳类动物等的起源和辐射。同时,陆地风化作用增强、地表水系扩张及湿生植物与淡水藻类增加,推动了陆地有机碳埋藏量显著上升,这有助于全球聚煤作用重现。而有机碳埋藏量增加和全球聚煤作用再现可对改善全球大气条件形成负反馈,部分抵消兰格利亚大火成岩省释放温室气体引发的温室效应,促使CPE期间环境和气候渐趋稳定,最终致使CPE事件终止。这些结果表明大火成岩省可以以多个脉冲形式发生,并改变碳循环、引起环境和气候变化、驱动生物宏观进化,而全球性聚煤作用则在气候稳定性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

关键词: 晚三叠世, 卡尼期洪泛事件, 陆地生态系统, 聚煤作用, 兰格利亚大火成岩省

CLC Number:

P532

ZHANG Peixin, ZHANG Jiaxuan, YANG Minfang, JIANG Zhongfeng, ZHOU Kai, XU Xiaotao, WANG Yong, SHAO Longyi, LU Jing. Response processes and patterns of terrestrial ecosystems to the Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography（Chinese Edition）, 2026, 28(4): 1289-1304.

张培新, 张佳宣, 杨敏芳, 姜忠峰, 周凯, 徐小涛, 王勇, 邵龙义, 鲁静. 陆地生态系统演变对晚三叠世卡尼期洪泛事件的响应过程和模式^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2026, 28(4): 1289-1304.

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Figures/Tables 5

Fig.1 Environmental and geochemical changes during the CPE

Fig.2 Carbon isotopes,Hg/TOC ratios,and Hg isotopes records in various sedimentary environment during the CPE

Fig.3 Relationship among the environment, terrestrial biodiversity changes and the Wrangellian Large Igneous Province(LIP)during the CPE(modified from Dal Corso et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2023)

Fig.4 Correlation of the C-isotope records and hygrophyte/xerophyte(H/X)ratio in Tethys area during the CPE(a) and proportions of early dinosaurs through the Triassic,showing therapid rise in the late Carnian and early to middle Norian(b)

Fig.5 Schematic reconstructions showing how the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province(LIP)might have driven climatic and environmental changes in North China during the Late Triassic Carnian Stage(a) and flow chart illustrating cause-and-effect relationships among Wrangellia LIP and changes in environment,climate,and flora(b)

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