The rise, development and outlook of Huanjingkaogu (environmental archaeology in China)
Xia Zheng-Kai1, Zhang Jun-Na2
1 College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871, China; 2 Archaeological Research Center,Beijing Union University,Beijing 100191, China
Abstract：Environmental archaeology is an interdisciplinary subject between Archaeology and Quaternary environmental science(or palaeogeography). It appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century worldwide,which gradually matured in the theory and method after nearly a century's development. In China, environmental archaeology has emerged later than the West,but developed rapidly. Now a new interdisciplinary subject of Huanjingkaogu(environmental archaeology in China) has formed,which is based on the theory of human ecosystems,taking the settlements(sites)environmental analysis as the main method,and aiming at exploring the environmental background of the formation,development and evolution of ancient humans and their cultures. At present,Huanjingkaogu has gained wide recognition from Chinese archaeologists,and has became an important part of archaeological research. It plays an important role in the archaeological study of a series of key issues such as human origin,the late-Paleolithic cultural revolution in MIS3 stage,the Paleolithic-Neolithic transition,the Chinese agricultural origin and the Chinese civilization origin.
1 安成邦,王伟,段阜涛,黄伟,陈发虎. 2017. 亚洲中部干旱区丝绸之路沿线环境演化与东西方文化交流. 地理学报, 72(5): 875-891. [An C B,Wang W,Duan F T,Huang W,Chen F H.2017. Environmental changes and cultural exchange between East and West along the Silk Road in arid Central Asia. Acta Geographic Sinica, 72(5): 875-891] 2 布鲁斯·特里格,著. 陈淳,译. 2011. 考古学思想史. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社,298-316. [Bruce T,Translated by Chen C. 2011. History of Archaeological Thought. Beijing: China Renmin University Press,298-316] 3 陈胜前. 2013. 史前的现代化: 中国农业起源过程的文化生态考察. 北京: 科学出版社. [Chen S Q.2013. Prehistoric Modernization: A Cultural and Ecological Investigation of the Origin of Chinese Agriculture. Beijing: Science Press] 4 陈相龙,吕鹏,金英熙,贾笑冰,赵欣,袁靖. 2017. 从渔猎采集到食物生产: 大连广鹿岛小珠山遗址动物驯养的稳定同位素记录. 南方文物,(1): 142-149. [Chen X L,Lü P,Jin Y X,Jia X B,Zhao X,Yuan J.2017. From fishing and hunting to food production: Stable isotope records of animal domestication at the Xiaozhushan site in Guanglu Island,Dalian. Cultural Relics in Southern China,(1): 142-149] 5 陈中原,洪雪晴,李山,王露,史晓明. 1997. 太湖地区环境考古. 地理学报, 52(2): 131-137. [Chen Z Y,Hong X Q,Li S,Wang L,Shi X M.1997. Study of archaeology-related environment evolution of Taihu Lake in Southern China,Jiang delta Plain. Acta Geographic Sinica, 52(2): 131-137] 6 邓辉. 1997. 全新世大暖期燕北地区人地关系的演变. 地理学报,(1): 63-71. [Deng H.1997. The climate of the main-land relationship in the northern Yanshan mountain during Megathermal. Acta Geographica Sinica,(1): 63-71] 7 董广辉,刘峰文,杨谊时,王琳,陈发虎. 2016. 黄河流域新石器文化的空间扩张及其影响因素. 自然杂志, 38(4): 248-252. [Dong G H,Liu F W,Yang Y S,Wang L,Chen F H.2016. Cultural expansion and its influencing factors during Neolithic period in the Yellow River valley,northern China. Chinese Journal of Nature, 38(4): 248-252] 8 董广辉,张山佳,杨谊时,陈建徽,陈发虎. 2016. 中国北方新石器时代农业强化及对环境的影响. 科学通报, 61(26): 2913-2925. [Dong G H,Zhang S J,Yang Y S,Chen J H,Chen F H.2016. Agricultural intensification and its impact on environment during Neolithic Age in northern China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 61(26): 2913-2925] 9 高华中,朱诚,曹光杰. 2006. 山东沂沭河流域2000 BC前后古文化兴衰的环境考古. 地理学报, 61(3): 255-261. [Gao H Z,Zhu C,Cao G J.2006. Environmental change and cultural response around 4200 cal. yr BP in the Yishu River Basin,Shandong. Acta Geographic Sinica, 61(3): 255-261] 10 顾颉刚. 1982. 古史辨. 上海: 上海古籍出版社. [Gu J G.1982. Discrimination of Ancient History. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Publishing House] 11 郭明建. 2012. 中国北方农业起源研究的理论和实践. 华夏考古,(1): 134-142. [Guo M J.2012. Theory and practice of agricultural origin research in northern China. Huaxia Archaeology,(1): 134-142] 12 郭媛媛,莫多闻,毛龙江,郭伟民. 2016. 澧阳平原晚更新世晚期至全新世早中期环境演变及其对人类活动的影响. 地理科学, 36(7): 1091-1098. [Guo Y Y,Mo D W,Mao L J,Guo W M.2016. The environmental change of Late Pleistocene to Early and Middle Holocene and its impact on human activities in Liyang Plain,Hunan Province,China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 36(7): 1091-1098] 13 韩建业. 2008. 中国西北地区先秦时期的自然环境与文化发展. 北京: 文物出版社. [Han J Y.2008. Natural Environment and Cultural Development in the Pre-Qin Period of Northwest China. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press] 14 韩建业. 2010. 良渚、陶寺与二里头:早期中国文明的演进之路. 考古,(11): 71-78. [Han J Y.2010. Liangzhu,Taosi and Erlitou: The evolution of early Chinese civilization. Archaeology,(11): 71-78] 15 侯光良,张雪莲,王倩倩. 2015. 晚更新世以来青藏高原人类活动与环境变化. 青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),(2): 54-63. [Hou G L,Zhang X L,Wang Q Q.2015. Human activities and environmental changes in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Qinghai Normal University(Natural Science),(2): 54-63] 16 黄春长,庞奖励,查小春,周亚利. 2011. 黄河流域关中盆地史前大洪水研究: 以周原漆水河谷地为例. 中国科学: 地球科学, 41(11): 1658-1669. [Huang C C,Pang J L,Zha X C,Zhou Y L.2011. Prehistorical floods in the Guanzhong Basin in the Yellow River drainage area: A case study along the Qishuihe River Valley over the Zhouyuan Loess Tableland. Science in China: Series D, 41: 1658-1669] 17 姜钦华. 1994. 花粉分析与植硅石分析的结合在考古学中的应用. 考古,(4): 372-375. [Jiang Q H.Application of combination of pollen analysis and silica analysis in archaeology. Archaeology,(4): 372-375] 18 姜钦华,宋豫秦,李亚东,韩建业. 1998. 河南驻马店杨庄遗址龙山时代环境考古. 考古与文物,(2): 36-42. [Jiang Q H,Song Y Q,Li Y D,Han J Y.1998. Environmental archaeology of Longshan Period at Yangzhuang Site,Zhumadian,Henan Province. Archaeology and Cultural Relics,(2): 36-42] 19 靳桂云,刘东生. 2001. 华北北部中全新世降温气候事件与古文化变迁. 科学通报, 46(20): 1725-1730. [Jin G Y,Liu D S.2001. The Middle Holocene Cooling Climate Event and the change of ancient culture in the northern North China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46(20): 1725-1730] 20 孔昭宸,刘长江,张居中,靳桂云. 2003. 中国考古遗址植物遗存与原始农业. 中原文物,(2): 4-9. [Kong Z C,Liu C J,Zhang J Z,Jin G Y.2003. Plant Relics and Primitive Agriculture in Chinese Archaeological Sites. Cultural Relics of Central China,(2): 4-9] 21 李四光. 1923. 风水之另一种解释. 太平洋, 4(1): 1-15. [Li S G.1923. Another type of explanation on “Chinese Fengshui”. Taipingyang, 4(1): 1-15] 22 李拓宇,莫多闻,胡珂,张翼飞,王建军. 2013. 山西襄汾陶寺都邑形成的环境与文化背景. 地理科学, 33(4): 443-449. [Li T Y,Mo D W,Hu K,Zhang Y F,Wang J J.2013. The environmental and cultural background of the Taosi Site,Xiangfen County,Shanxi Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 33(4): 443-449] 23 刘德成,夏正楷,王幼平,宝文博. 2008. 河南织机洞旧石器遗址的洞穴堆积和沉积环境分析. 人类学学报, 27(1): 71-78. [Liu D C,Xia Z K,Wang Y P,Bao W B.2008. Analysis of the Cave Deposits and the Sediment Environment onthe Zhijidong Paleolithic Cave Site,Henan Province. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 27(1): 71-78] 24 刘东生. 1999. 黄土旧石器工业. 见: 徐钦琦,谢飞,王建. 史前考古学新进展: 庆祝贾兰坡院士九十华诞国际学术讨论会文集. 北京: 科学出版社,52-62. [Liu D S.1999. Loess paleolithic industry. In: Xu Q Q,Xie F,Wang J(eds). New Progress in Prehistoric Archaeology: A Collection of International Academic Symposiums to Celebrate the 90th Birthday of Academician JiaLanpo. Beijing: Science Press,52-62] 25 刘长江,孔昭宸. 2004. 粟、黍籽粒的形态比较及其在考古鉴定中的意义. 考古,(8): 76-83. [Liu C J,Kong Z C.2004. Morphological comparison of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet seeds and their significance in archaeological identification. Archaeology,(8): 76-83] 26 鲁鹏,田燕,陈盼盼,莫多闻. 2016. 环嵩山地区史前聚落分布时空模式研究. 地理学报, 71(9): 1629-1639. [Lu P,Tian Y,Chen P P,Mo D W.2016. Spatial and temporal modes of prehistoric settlement distribution around Songshan Mountain. Acta Geographic Sinica, 71(9): 1629-1639] 27 吕红亮. 2014. 更新世晚期至全新世中期青藏高原的狩猎采集者. 藏学学刊(11辑),1-27. [Lü H L.2014. Late Pleistocene and Holocene hunter-gathers on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Tibetology(11th),1-27] 28 吕厚远,贾继伟,王伟铭,王永吉,廖淦标. 2002. “植硅体”含义和禾本科植硅体的分类. 微体古生物学报, 19(4): 389-396. [Lü H Y,Jia J W,Wang W M,Wang Y J,Liao G B.2002. On the meaning of phytolith and its classification in Gramineae. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 19(4): 389-396] 29 莫多闻,李非,李水城,孔昭宸. 1996. 甘肃葫芦河流域中全新世环境演化及其对人类活动的影响. 地理学报,(1): 59-69. [Mo D W,Li F,Li S C,Kong Z C.1996. A preliminary study on the paleoenvironment of the middle Holocene in the Hulu River area in Gansu Province and its effects on human activity. Acta Geographica Sinica,(1): 59-69] 30 莫多闻,徐海鹏,杨晓燕,朱忠礼. 2000. 北京王府井东方广场旧石器晚期文化遗址的古环境背景. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 36(2): 231-239. [Mo D W,Xu H P,Yang X Y,Zhu Z L.2000. Paleo-environment settings of the Dongfang Plaza Late-Paleolithic Site,Wangfujing,Beijing. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 36(2): 231-239] 31 裴文中. 1960. 中国原始人类的生活环境. 古脊椎动物学报, 2(1): 11-23. [Pei W Z.1960. Living environment of Chinese primitive human. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2(1): 11-23] 32 齐乌云,袁靖,梁中合,贾笑冰. 2002. 从胶东半岛贝丘遗址的孢粉分析看当时的人地关系. 考古,(7): 70-79. [Qi W Y,Yuan J,Liang Z H, Jia X B.2002. Analysis of the robe powder from the Bayu site in Jiaodong Peninsula Human relations. Archaeology,(7): 70-79] 33 石兴邦. 1991. 论古文化与古环境研究. 见: 周昆叔,巩启明. 环境考古研究(第一辑).北京: 科学出版社,4-6. [Shi X B.1991. Discussion on ancient cultural and ancient environment. In: Zhou K S,Gong Q M(eds). Environmental Archaeology(1st Edition). Beijing: Science Press,4-6] 34 史威,马春梅,朱诚,王富葆,李世杰. 2008. 太湖地区多剖面地层学分析与良渚期环境事件. 地理研究, 27(5): 1129-1138. [Shi W,Ma C M,Zhu C,Wang F B, Li S J.2018. Analysis of stratigraphy on multi-profiles in the Taihu Lake region and paleoenvironmental events in the Liangzhu culture epoch. Geographical Research, 27(5): 1129-1138] 35 汤卓炜. 2004a. 环境考古学. 北京: 科学出版社,5. [Tang Z W.2004a. Environmental Archaeology. Beijing: Science Press,5] 36 汤卓炜. 2004b. 中国东北地区西南部旧石器时代至青铜时代人地关系发展阶段的量化研究. 吉林大学博士学位论文. [Tang Z W.2004b. Quantizing research on the stages of the relationship between natural environment and man in the southwest part of northeast China from the Paleolithic Period to Bronze Age. Doctoral Dissertation of Jilin University] 37 托马斯·C·帕特森,著. 何国强,译. 2011. 马克思的幽灵: 和考古学家会话. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. [Thomas C.Patterson,Translated by He G Q. 2011. Marx's Ghost: Conversations with Archaeologists. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press] 38 王辉,张海,张家富,方燕明. 2015. 河南省禹州瓦店遗址的河流地貌演化及相关问题. 南方文物,(4): 81-87. [Wang H,Zhang H,Zhang J F,Fang Y M.2015. River geomorphology evolution and related issues in the Wadian Site of Zhangzhou,Henan Province. Cultural Relics in Southern China,(4): 81-87] 39 王辉,兰玉富,刘延常,佟佩华. 2016. 山东省章丘西河遗址的古地貌及相关问题. 南方文物,(3): 141-147. [Wang H,Lan Y F,Liu Y C,Tong P H.2016. Paleogeomorphology and related problems of the Xihe Site in Zhangqiu,Shandong Province. Cultural Relics in Southern China,(3): 141-147] 40 王辉,张海,鲁鹏. 2017. 河南漯河郝家台遗址的地貌背景初探. 华夏考古,(3): 125-132. [Wang H,Zhang H,Lu P.2017. Preliminary study on the geomorphological background of Haojiatai Site in Luohe,Henan Province. Huaxia Archarology,(3): 125-132] 41 王青. 2000. 环渤海地区的早期新石器文化与海岸变迁. 华夏考古,(4): 62-75. [Wang Q.2000. Early Neolithic Culture and coastal changes in the Circum-Bohai Sea region. Huaxia Archaeology,(4): 62-75] 42 王幼平. 2013. 嵩山东南麓MIS3阶段古人类的栖居形态及相关问题. 考古学研究(十),287-296. [Wang Y P.2013. Inhabited forms and related problems of ancient humans in the MIS3 stage of the southeastern part of Songshan Mountain. Archaeological Research(10th),287-296] 43 王幼平. 2018. 华北旧石器晚期环境变化与人类迁徙扩散. 人类学学报, 37(3): 341-351. [Wang Y P.2018. The late Paleolithic environmental change and human migration in North China. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 37(3): 341-351] 44 夏正楷,郑公望,岳升阳,郁金城. 1998. 北京王府井东方广场工地旧石器文化遗址地层和古地貌环境分析. 北京大学学报: 自然科学版, 34(2): 387-391. [Xia Z K,Zheng G W,Yue S Y,Yu J C.1998. Stratigraphy and paleo-geomorphology of the Dongfang Square Paleolithic Site,Wangfujing,Beijing. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 34(2): 387-391] 45 夏正楷,邓辉,武弘麟. 2000. 内蒙西拉木伦河流域考古文化演变的地貌背景分析. 地理学报, 55(3): 329-336. [Xia Z K,Deng H,Wu H L.2000. Geomorphologic background of the prehistoric cultural evolution in the XarMoron River Basin,Inner Mongolia. Acta Geographica Sinica, 55(3): 329-336] 46 夏正楷,王赞红,赵青春. 2003. 中国中原地区3500 a BP前后的异常洪水事件及其气候背景. 中国科学: 地球科学, 33(9): 881-888. [Xia Z K,Wang Z H,Zhao Q C.2003. Abnormal flood events around 3500 a BP in Central China plains and its climate background. Science in China: Series D, 33(9): 881-888] 47 夏正楷,王幼平,刘德成,曲彤丽. 2007. MIS3阶段的气候环境与古人类活动. 古代文明, 6: 1-11. [Xia Z K,Wang Y P,Liu D C,Qu T L.2007. Climate environment and ancient human activities in MIS3 stage. Ancient Civilization, 6: 1-11] 48 夏正楷,张俊娜,刘静,赵朝洪,吴小红. 2011. 10000a BP前后北京斋堂东胡林人的生态环境分析. 科学通报, 56(34): 2897-2905. [Xia Z K,Zhang J N,Liu J,Zhao C H,Wu X H.2011. Analysis of the ecological environment around 10000 a BP in Zhaitang area,Beijing: A case study of the Donghulin Site. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56(34): 2897-2905] 49 夏正楷,张俊娜,张小虎. 2014. 伊洛河水系变迁和二里头都邑的出现. 见: 中国社会科学院考古研究所. 《纪念二里头遗址发现55周年学术研讨会》论文集: 夏商都邑与文化(二). 北京: 中国社会科学出版社. 346-364. [Xia Z K,Zhang J N,Zhang X H.2014. The evolution of the Yiluo River system and the emergence of Erlitou capital site. In: The institute of Archaeology CASS(ed). Proceedings of the Symposium on the 55th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Erlitou Site: Capital and Culture of Xia and Shang Dynasty(2). Beijing: China social Sciences Press,346-364] 50 许俊杰,莫多闻,王辉,周昆叔. 2013. 河南新密溱水流域全新世人类文化演化的环境背景研究. 第四纪研究, 33(5): 954-964. [Xu J J,Mo D W,Wang H,Zhou K S.2013. Preliminary research of environment archaeology in Zhenshui River,Xinmi city,Henan. Quaternary Sciences, 33(5): 954-964] 51 严文明. 1997. 环境考古研究的展望. 见: 严文明. 走向21世纪的考古学. 西安: 三秦出版社,123~128. [Yan W M.Prospect of Environmental Archaeology research. In: Yan W M(ed). The 21th centurary Archaeology. Xi'an: Sanqin Press,123-128] 52 严文明. 2010. 关于聚落考古的方法问题. 中原文物,(2): 19-22. [Yan W M.2010. Method of settlement archaeology. Cultural Relics of Central China,(2): 19-22] 53 杨晓燕. 2005. 环境考古学发展回顾与展望. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 41(2): 329-334. [Yang X Y.2005. Retrospect and prospect of environmental archaeology. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Univrtsitatis Pekinensis, 41(2): 329-334] 54 杨晓燕,吕厚远,刘东生,韩家懋. 2005. 粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形态比较及其在植物考古研究中的潜在意义. 第四纪研究, 25(2): 224-227. [Yang X Y,Lü H Y,Liu D S,Han J M.2005. Micromorphology characteristics of starch grains from Setariaitalica,Panicummiliaceum and S. viridis and its signification for Archaeobotany. Quaternary Sciences, 25(2): 224-227] 55 杨晓燕,夏正楷,崔之久. 2005. 黄河上游全新世特大洪水及其沉积特征. 第四纪研究, 25(1): 80-85. [Yang X Y,Xia Z K,Cui Z J.2005. Holocene extreme floods and its sedimentary characteristic in the Upper reaches of the Yellow River. Quaternary Research, 25(1): 80-85] 56 杨志荣. 2000. 中国北方农牧交错带东南部环境考古研究. 干旱区地理, 23(4): 320-325. [Yang Z R.2000. Archaeological studies on environment in ecotone of agriculture and animal husbandry in North China. Arid Land Geography, 23(4): 320-325] 57 伊恩·霍德,司格特·哈特森,著. 徐坚,译. 2005. 阅读过去. 长沙: 岳麓书社. [Hod I,Hartson S,Translated by Xu J. 2005. Reading Past. Changsha: Yuelu Press] 58 俞伟超. 1991a. 中国历史文化的殿堂. 中国国家博物馆馆刊,(00): 4-6. [Yu W C.1991a. The hall of Chinese history and culture. Journal of National Museum of China,(00): 4-6] 59 俞伟超. 1991b. 思潮的变化. 见: 王然. 考古学是什么?俞伟超考古学理论文选. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社,154-163. [Yu W C.1991b. Change of thought. In: Wang R(ed). What is archaeology?Yu Weichao's Selected Works of Archaeology. Beijing: China Social Science Press,154-163] 60 袁靖,王辉. 2017. 环境考古要重点研究与水相关的地貌过程. 中国文物报,2017-05-05. [Yuan J,Wang H.2017. Environmental archaeology should focus on water-related geomorphological processes. Chinese Cultural Relics,2017-05-05] 61 袁靖. 2012. 环境考古研究的再思考. 中国文物报,2012-03-02. [Yuan J.2012. Rethinking the study of environmental archaeology. Chinese Cultural Relics,2012-03-02] 62 张俊娜,夏正楷. 2011. 中原地区4ka BP前后异常洪水事件的沉积证据. 地理学报, 66(5): 685-697. [Zhang J N,Xia Z K.2011. Deposition evidences of the 4 ka BP Flood Events in central China plains. Acta Geographic Sinica, 66(5): 685-697] 63 张俊娜,夏正楷,张小虎. 2014. 洛阳盆地新石器—青铜时期的炭化植物遗存. 科学通报, 59(34): 3388-3397. [Zhang J N,Xia Z K,Zhang X H.2014. Research on charred plant remains from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in Luoyang Basin. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(34): 3388-3397] 64 张俊娜. 2017. 中国北方从狩猎采集向农业转变过程的影响因素分析: 生产可能性边界模型的解释. 第四纪研究, 37(1): 174-186. [Zhang J N.2017. Influence factors on transformation from hunting-gathering to agriculture in North China: The interpretation from Production Possibilities Frontier Model. Quaternary Research,37(1): 174-186] 65 张俊娜,夏正楷,王幼平,顾万发,汪松枝. 2018. 河南新密李家沟遗址古环境分析. 中原文物,(6): 69-81. [Zhang J N,Xia Z K,Wang Y P,Gu W F, Wang S Z.2018. Paleoenvironmental analysis of Lijiagou Site in Xinmi. Henan Province. Cultural Relics of Central China,(6): 69-81] 66 张强,朱诚,姜逢清,刘兴林,郭立新. 2001. 重庆巫山张家湾遗址2000年来的环境考古. 地理学报, 56(3): 353-362. [Zhang Q,Zhu C,Jiang F Q,Liu X L,Guo L X.2001. Environmental archaeological exploration in Zhangjiawan Site,Chongqing since 2 ka BP. Acta Geographic Sinica, 56(3): 353-362] 67 张强,朱诚,姜彤,张之恒. 2004. 江苏海安青墩地区新石器时代环境考古. 地理研究, 23(4): 513-520. [Zhang Q,Zhu C,Jiang T,Zhang Z H.2004. Environmental archaeological study on the Qingdun site,Hai' an,Jiangsu Province,during the Neolithic cultural period. Geographical Research, 23(4): 513-520] 68 张小虎,夏正楷,杨晓燕,吉笃学. 2008. 黄河流域史前经济形态对4 ka B.P.气候事件的响应. 第四纪研究, 28(6): 1061-1069. [Zhang X H,Xia Z K,Yang X Y,Ji D X.2008. Different response models of prehistoric economy to 4 ka BP climate event in the reaches of Huanghe River. Quaternary Sciences, 28(6): 1061-1069] 69 张芸,朱诚,于世永. 2001. 长江三峡大宁河流域3000年来的环境演变与人类活动. 地理科学, 21(3): 267-271. [Zhang Y,Zhu C,Yu S Y.2001. Environmental evolution and human activity over 3000 years in DaningValley,the Three Gorges of Changjiang River. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 21(3): 267-271] 70 赵志军. 2014. 中国古代农业的形成过程: 浮选出土植物遗存证据. 第四纪研究, 34(1): 73-84. [Zhao Z J.2014. The process of origin of agriculture in China: Archaeological evidence from flotation results. Quaternary Sciences, 34(1): 73-84] 71 中国社会科学院考古研究所. 1999. 胶东半岛贝丘遗址环境考古. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. [The institute of Archaeology CASS. 1999. Shell Midden Sites in the Jiaodong Peninsula Studies in Environmental Archaeology. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press] 72 周昆叔. 1989. 北京环境考古. 第四纪研究, 9(1): 84-94. [Zhou K S.1989. Environmental archaeology in Beijing. Quaternary Sciences, 9(1): 84-94] 73 周昆叔. 1995. 周原黄土及其与文化层的关系. 第四纪研究, 15(2): 174-181. [Zhou K S.1995. Zhouyuan Loess and its relationships to cultural beds. Quaternary Sciences, 15(2): 174-181] 74 周昆叔. 2007. 上宅新石器文化遗址环境考古. 中原文物,(2): 19-24. [Zhou K S.2007. Environmental archaeology of Shangzhai Neolithic Site. Cultural Relics of Central China,(2): 19-24] 75 周廷儒. 1982. 古地理学. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社. [Zhou T R.1982. Paleogeography. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Publishing House] 76 朱诚,宋健,尤坤元,韩辉友. 1996. 上海马桥遗址文化断层成因研究. 科学通报, 41(2): 148-152. [Zhu C,Song J,You K Y,Han H Y.1996. Study on the genesis of the cultural fault of Maqiao site in Shanghai. Science Bulletin, 41(2): 148-152] 77 朱诚,于世勇,卢春成. 1997. 长江三峡及江汉平原地区全新世环境考古与异常洪涝灾害研究. 地理学报,(3): 268-278. [Zhu C,Yu S Y,Lu C C.1997. Acta Geographic Sinica,(3): 268-278] 78 朱诚,赵宁曦,张强,张芸,张敏,吴建民. 2000. 江苏龙虬庄新石器遗址环境考古研究. 南京大学学报(自然科学), 36(3): 286-292. [Zhu C,Zhao N X,Zhang Q,Zhang Y,Zhang M,Wu J M.2000. Environmental archaeology on the Longqiuzhuang Neolithic site,Gaoyou,Jiangsu Province. Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Science), 36(3): 286-292] 79 竺可桢. 1972. 中国近5000年来气候变迁的初步研究. 考古学报, (1): 15-38. [Zhu K Z.1972. A preliminary study on climate change in China in the past 5000 years. Acta Archaeologica Sinica,(1): 15-38] 80 Andersson J G.1934. Children of the Yellow Earth: Studies in Prehistoric China. Cambridge: MIT Press. 81 Binford L R.1962. Archaeology as anthropology. American Antiquity, 28(2): 217-225. 82 Butzer K W.1982. Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,363. 83 Cao X Y,Xu Q H,Jing Z C,Tang J G,Li Y C,Tian F.2010. Holocene climate change and human impacts implied from the pollen records in Anyang,central China. Quaternary International, 227(1): 3-9. 84 Chen F H,Dong G H,Zhang D J,Liu X Y,Jia X,An C B,Ma M M,Xie Y W,Barton L,Ren X Y,Zhao Z J,Wu X H,Hones M K.2015. Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 BP. Science, 348(6237): 248. 85 Coe M D,Flannery K V.1967. Early Cultures and Human Ecology in South Coastal Guatemala. Washington: Smithsonian Press,136. 86 Dincauze D.2000. Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 87 Dong G H,Wang L,Cui Y F,Elston R,Chen F H.2013. The spatiotemporal pattern of the Majiayao cultural evolution and its relation to climate change and variety of subsistence strategy during late Neolithic period in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces,northwest China. Quaternary International, 316(459): 155-161. 88 Dong G H,Zhang F Y,Liu F W,Zhang D J,Zhou A F,Yang Y S,Wang G H.2018. Multiple evidences indicate no relationship between prehistoric disasters in Lajia site and outburst flood in upper Yellow River valley,China. Science China: Earth Sciences, 61(4): 1-9. 89 Fedele F G.1976. Sediments as paleo-land Segments: The excavation side of study. In: Davidson D A,Shackley M L(eds). Geoarchaeology: Earth Science and the Past. London: Duckworth,23-48. 90 Hack J T.1942. The changing physical environment of the Hopi Indians of Arizona. Museum Paper, 35(1): 1-86. 91 Herz N,Garrison E G.1998. Geological Methods for Archaeology. New York,Oxford: Oxford University Press,293. 92 Huntington E.1915. Civilization and climate. New Haven: Yale University Press. 93 Huzayyin S A.1941. The place of Egypt in Prehistory. Kairo: Mémoires de l'Institut d'Egypte. 94 Kidder T R,Liu H W,Xu Q H,Li M L.2012. The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Sanyangzhuang Site on the Yellow River Floodplain,Henan Province,China.Geoarchaeology-An International Journal, 27(4): 324-343. 95 Mannion A M.1991. Global Environmental Change. Harlow: Longman. 96 Park R E.1936. Human ecology. American Journal of Sociology, 42(1): 1-15. 97 Pumpelly R.1905. Explorations in Turkestan. Washington,D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington Publishing House. 98 Reitz E J,Newsom L A,Scudder S J.1996. Issues in environmental archaeology. In: Reitz E J,Newsom L A,Scudder S J(eds). Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology. New York and London: Plennum Press,1-16. 99 Steward J H.1955. Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,244. 100 Storozum M J,Mo D W,Wang H,Ren X L,Zhang Y F,Kidder T R.Anthropogenic origins of a late Holocene,basin-wide unconformity in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,the Luoyang Basin,Henan Province,China. Quaternary Research, 87(3): 423-441. 101 Storozum M J,Qin Z,Ren X L,Li H M,Cui Y F,Fu K,Liu H W.2018. The collapse of the North Song dynasty and the AD 1048-1128Yellow River floods: Geoarchaeological evidence from northern Henan Province,China. The Holocene, 28(11): 1-12. 102 Wang C,Lu H Y,Gu W F,Wu N Q,Zhang J P,Zuo X X,Li F J,Wang D J,Dong Y J,Wang S Z,Liu Y F,Bao Y J,Hu Y Y.2017. The spatial pattern of farming and factors influencing it during the peiligang culture period in the middle yellow river valley,China. Science Bulletin,62(23):1565-1568. 103 Yang X Y,Wu W X,Perry L,Ma Z K,Bar-Yosef O,Cohen D J,Zheng H B,Ge Q S.2018. Critical role of climate change in plant selection and millet domestication in North China. Scientific Reports, 8(1): 7855. 104 Zhang H,Bevan A,Fuller D,Bevan A,Fuller D,Fang Y M.2010. Archaeobotanical and GIS-based approaches to prehistoric agriculture in the upper Ying valley,Henan,China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(7): 1480-1489. 105 Zhang J N,Xia Z K,Zhang X H,Storozum M J,Huang X Z,Han J Y,Xu H,Zhao H T,Cui Y F,Dodson J,Dogn G H.2018. Early-middle Holocene ecological change and its influence on human subsistence strategies in the Luoyang Basin,north-central China. Quaternary Research,89(2): 1-13. 106 Zuo X X,Lu H Y,Li Z,Song B,Xu D K,Zhou Y F,Wang C,Huan X J,He K Y.2016. Phytolith and diatom evidence for rice exploitation and environmental changes during the early mid-Holocene in the Yangtze Delta. Quaternary Research, 86(3): 304-315.
