Oncoids built by photosynthetic biofilms: An example from the Series 2 of Cambrian at Fuzhouwan section in Liaodong Peninsula
Mei Ming-Xiang1,2, Muhammad Riaz1, Liu Li1, Meng Qing-Fen1
1 School of Earth Sciences and Resources,China University of Geosciences(Beijing),Beijing 100083, China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology,China University of Geosciences(Beijing),Beijing 100083, China
Abstract：As a type of coated grains with the size of more than that of ooids,oncoid is marked by non-smooth circles and is commonly interpreted as a microbial origin,so different from ooid whose origin remains uncertain. Also as a variety of spherical or pseudo-spherical biosedimentary structures formed as successive laminations around both biogenic and nonbiogenic nuclei,its widespread distribution and development by oneself imply that the oncoid can be grouped into a type of microbial carbonates or a kind of spherical stromatolites. Within the Jianchang and Mantou Formations of the Series 2 of Cambrian in the Liaodong Peninsula,oncoids with the size of centimeter level as a time-specific facies concentrate in the top part of third-order sequence. In addition,several features characterize these oncoids of the Series 2 of Cambrian in the Liaodong Peninsula: (1)the symbiosis with clots or microclots;(2)the spherical and ellipsoid morphology;(3)the inhomogenous or non-layer composition of dense micrite and microspar;(4)particular calcified sheath fossils of the cyanobacteria within the cortex of oncoids and the clot among oncoids and so on. Although the greatest challenge that remains is the interpretation of ancient oncoids and their detail forming processes through the filter of the diagenesis,also the detail of the calcification of biofilms dominated by the cyanobacteria has still not got better understanding,the richness of direct evidence represented by microbial fossils especially for sheath fossils of the cyanobacteria within oncoids of both the Jianchang and the Mantou Formations of the Series 2 of Cambrian in the Liaodong Peninsula make them become a good example of oncoids built by non-layer photosynthetic biofilms.
Mei Ming-Xiang,Muhammad Riaz,Liu Li et al. Oncoids built by photosynthetic biofilms: An example from the Series 2 of Cambrian at Fuzhouwan section in Liaodong Peninsula[J]. JOPC, 2019, 21(1): 31-48.
1 曹瑞骥,袁训来. 2006. 叠层石. 安徽合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社,1-383. [Cao R J,Yuan X L.2006. Stromatolites. Hefei of Anhui Province: Press of China University of Science and Techology,1-383] 2 杜汝霖. 1992. 前寒武纪古生物学及地史学. 北京: 地质出版社,1-193. [Du R L.1992. Precambrian Paleobiology and Geohistory. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,1-193] 3 冯增昭,王英华,张吉森,左文岐,张秀莲,洪国良,陈继新,吴胜和,陈玉田,迟元苓,杨承运. 1990. 华北地台早古生代岩相古地理. 北京: 石油工业出版社,28-48. [Feng Z Z,Wang Y H,Zhang J S,Zuo W Q,Zhang X L,Hong G L,Chen J X,Wu S H,Chen Y T,Chi Y L,Yang C Y.1993. Lithofacoes Paleogeography of the Early Paleozoic of North China Platform. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press,28-48] 4 冯增昭,彭永民,金振奎,鲍志东. 2004. 中国寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理. 北京: 石油工业出版社,112-121. [Feng Z Z,Peng Y M,Jin Z K,Bao Z D.2004. Lithofacoes Paleogeography of the Cambrian and Ordovician in China. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press,112-121] 5 卢衍豪,张文堂,朱兆玲,林焕令,周志毅,袁金良,彭善池,钱逸,章森桂,项礼文,李善姬,郭鸿俊,罗惠麟. 1994. 关于中国寒武系建阶的建议. 地层学杂志, 18(4): 318-328. [Lu Y H,Zhang W T,Zhu Z L,Zhou Z Y,Yuan J L,Peng S C,Qian Y,Zhang S G,Xiang L W,Li S J,Guo H J,Luo H L.1994. Suggestions for the establishment of the Cambrian Stages in China. Journal of Stratigrapphy, 18(4): 318-328] 6 马永生,梅冥相,周润轩,杨文. 2017. 层序地层框架下的鲕粒滩形成样式: 以北京西郊下苇甸剖面寒武系第三统为例. 岩石学报, 33(4): 1021-1036. [Ma Y S,Mei M X,Zhou R X,Yang W.2017. Forming patterns for the oolitic bank within the sequence-stratigraphic framework: An example from the Cambrian Series 3 at the Xiaweidian section in the western suburb of Beijing. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 33(4): 1021-1036] 7 梅冥相,马永生,周丕康,苏德辰,罗光文. 1997. 碳酸盐沉积学导论. 北京: 地震出版社,1-306. [Mei M X,Ma Y S,Zhou P K,Su D C,Luo G W.1997. Introduction of Carbonate Sedimentology. Beijing: Seismological Publication,1-306] 8 梅冥相. 2007. 微生物碳酸盐岩分类体系的修订: 对灰岩成因结构分类体系的补充. 地学前缘, 14(5): 222-232. [Mei M X.2007. Revised classification of microbial carbonates: Replenishment to the classification of limestones. Earth Science Frontiers, 14(5): 222-232] 9 梅冥相,孟庆芬,刘智荣. 2007. 微生物形成的原生沉积构造研究进展综述. 古地理学报, 9(4): 353-364. [Mei M X,Meng Q F,Liu Z R.2007. Overview of advances in studies of primary sedimentary structures formed by microbes. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 9(4): 353-364] 10 梅冥相. 2010. 从正常海退与强迫型海退的辨别进行层序界面对比: 层序地层学的进展之一. 古地理学报, 12(5): 549-564. [Mei M X.2010. Correlation of sequence boundaries according to discerning between normal and forced regressions: The first advance in sequence stratigraphy. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 12(5): 549-564] 11 梅冥相. 2011a. 微生物席沉积学: 一个年轻的沉积学分支. 地球科学进展, 26(6): 586-597. [Mei M X.2011a. Microbial-mat sedimentology: A young branch on sedimentology. Advances in Earth Sciences, 26(6): 586-597] 12 梅冥相. 2011b. 华北寒武系二级海侵背景下的沉积趋势及层序地层序列: 以北京西郊下苇甸剖面为例. 中国地质, 38(2): 317-337. [Mei M X.2011b. Depositional trends and sequence-stratigraphic successions under the Cambrian second-order transgressive setting in the North China Platform: A case study of the Xiaweidian section in the western suburb of Beijing. Geology in China, 38(2): 317-337] 13 梅冥相. 2012. 从生物矿化作用衍生出的有机矿化作用: 地球生物学框架下重要的研究主题. 地质论评, 58(5): 937-951. [Mei M X.2012. Organomineralization derived from the biomineralization: An important theme within the framework of geobiology. Geological Review, 58(5): 937-951] 14 梅冥相. 2014. 微生物席的特征和属性: 微生物席沉积学的理论基础. 古地理学报, 16(3): 285-304. [Mei M X.2014. Feature and nature of microbial-mat: Theoretical basis of microbial-mat sedimentology. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 16(3): 285-304] 15 梅冥相,孟庆芬. 2016. 现代叠层石的多样化构成: 认识古代叠层石形成的关键和窗口. 古地理学报, 18(2): 127-146. [Mei M X,Meng Q F.2016. Composition diversity of modern stromatolites: A key and window for further understanding of the formation of ancient stromatolites. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(2): 127-146] 16 梅冥相,张瑞,李屹尧,接雷. 2017. 华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统叠层石生物丘中的钙化蓝细菌. 岩石学报, 33(4): 1073-1093. [Mei M X,Zhang R,Li Y Y,Jie L.2017. Calcified cyanobacterias within the stromatolotic bioherm for the Cambrian Furongian Series in the northeastern margin of the North-China Platform. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 33(4): 1073-1093] 17 彭善池. 2009. 华南斜坡相寒武纪三叶虫动物群研究回顾并论中国南、北方寒武系的对比. 古生物学报, 48(3): 437-452. [Peng S C.2009. Review on the studies of Cambrian trilobite faunas from Jiangnan slope belt,South China,with notes on Cambrian correlation between south and north China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 48(3): 437-452] 18 齐永安,柴姝,张喜洋,代明月,王敏. 2016. 河南卫辉地区寒武系馒头组二段中的核形石及其沉积特征. 中国科技论文, 11(21): 2416-2421. [Qi Y A,Chai S,Zhang X Y,Dai M Y,Wang M.2016. Oncoid and their depositional features from the Second Member of Mantou Formation(Cambrian Series 3),Weihui area,Henan Province. China Sciencepaper, 11(21): 2416-2421] 19 齐永安,孙晓芳,代明月,张喜洋. 2017a. 豫西鲁山寒武系馒头组微生物岩旋回及其演化. 微体古生物学报, 34(2): 170-178. [Qi Y A,Sun X F,Dai M Y,Zhang X Y.2017a. The microbialite cycles and their evolution from the Cambrian Mantou Formation,Lushan,western Henan Province,central China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 34(2): 170-170] 20 齐永安,张喜洋,代明月,王敏. 2017b. 豫西寒武系微生物岩中的葛万菌化石及其微观结构. 古生物学报, 56(2): 154-167. [Qi Y A,Zhang X Y,Dai M Y,Wang M.2017b. Girvanella fossils and their microstructures from Cambrian microbialites of western Henan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 56(2): 154-167] 21 项礼文,朱兆玲,李善姬,周志强. 1999. 中国地层典·寒武系. 北京: 地质出版社,1-95. [Xiang L W,Zhu Z L,Li S J,Zhou Z Q.1999. Stratigraphycal Lexicon of China: Cambrian. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,1-95] 22 杨仁超,樊爱萍,韩作振,迟乃杰. 2011. 核形石研究现状与展望. 地球科学进展, 26(5): 465-474. [Yang R C,Fan A P,Han Z Z,Chi N J.2011. Status and prospect of studies on oncoid. Advances in Earth Science, 26(5): 465-474] 23 张文浩,史晓颖,汤冬杰,王新强. 2014. 华北地台西缘早—中寒武世过渡期核形石: 微生物群落对浅海缺氧环境的响应. 古地理学报, 16(3): 305-318. [Zhang W H,Shi X Y,Tang D J,Wang X Q.2014. Mass-occurrence of oncoids in the Early-Middle Cambrian transition at western margin of North China Platform: A response of microbial community to shallow marine anoxia. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 16(3): 305-318] 24 Arp G,Reimer A,Reitner J.2001. Photosynthesis-induced biofilm calcification and calcium concentrations in Phanerozoic oceans. Science, 292: 1701-1704. 25 Badger M R,Hanson D,Price G D.2002. Evolution and diversity of CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria. Functional Plant Biology, 29: 161-173. 26 Bosak T,Bush,J W M,Flynn M R,Liang B,Ono S,Petroff A P,Sim M S.2010. Formation and stability of oxygen-rich bubbles that shape photosynthetic mats. Geobiology, 8: 45-55. 27 Bosak T,Knoll A H,Petroff A P.2013. The meaning of stromatolites. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41: 21-44. 28 Catuneanu O,Galloway W E,Kendall C G St C,Miall A D,Posamentier H W,Strasser A,Tucker M E.2011. Sequence stratigraphy: Methodology and nomenclature. Newsletters on Stratigraphy,44(3):173-245. 29 Decho A W.2010. Overview of biopolymer-induced mineralization: What goes on in biofilms?Ecological Engineering, 36: 137-144. 30 Decho A W,Gutierrez T.2017. Microbial extracellular polymeric substances(epss)in ocean systems. Frontiers Microbiology, 8: 1-28. 31 De los Ríos A,Ascaso C,Wierzchos J,Vincent W F,Quesada A.2015. Microstructure and cyanobacterial composition of microbial mats from the High Arctic. Biodivers Conserv, 24: 841-863. 32 Dupraz C,Reid R P,Braissant O,Decho A W,Norman R S,Visscher P T.2009. Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats. Earth-Science Reviews, 96: 141-162. 33 Dupraz C,Reid R P,Visscher P T.2011. Microbialites,Modern. In: Reitner J,Thiel V. Encyclopedia of Geobiology. Berlin: Springer,617-635. 34 Flemming H C,Wingender J.2010. The biofilm matrix. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8: 623-633. 35 Flemming H C,Wingender J,Kjelleberg S,Steinberg P,Rice S,Szewzyk U.2016. Biofilms: An emergent form of microbial life. Nature Review-Microbiology, 14: 563-575. 36 Flügel E.2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Berlin: Springer,73-176. 37 Gallagher K L,Kading T J,Braissant O,Dupraz C,Visscher P T.2012. Inside the alkalinity engine: The role of electron donors in the organomineralization potential of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Geobiology, 10: 518-530. 38 Han Z Z,Zhan X L,Chi N J,Yu X F.2015. Cambrian oncoids and other microbial-related grains on the North China Platform. Carbonates Evaporates, 30: 373-386. 39 Heim A.1916. Monographie der churfürsten-Mattstock-Gruppe. 3. Lithogenesis. Beitr. Geol. Karte Schweiz,N. F. 20: 369-662. 40 Jones B.2011. Biogenicity of terrestrial oncoids formed in soil pockets,Cayman Brac,British West Indies. Sedimentary Geology, 236: 95-108. 41 Kah L C,Riding R.2007. Mesoproterozoic carbon dioxide levels inferred from calcified cyanobacteria. Geology, 35: 799-802. 42 Kwon Y K,Chough S K,Choi D K,Lee D J.2006. Sequence stratigraphy of the Taebaek Group(Cambrian-Ordovician),mideast Korea. Sedimentary Geology, 192: 19-55. 43 Lee H S,Chough S K.2011. Depositional processes of the Zhushadong and Mantou formations(Early to Middle Cambrian),Shandong Province,China: Roles of archipelago and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation on cycle genesis during initial flooding of the North China Platform. Sedimentology, 58: 1530-1572. 44 Lee J-H,Lee H S,Chen J T,Woo J,Chough S K.2014. Calcified microbial reefs in the Cambrian Series 2 of the North China Platform: Implications for the evolution of Cambrian calcified microbes. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 403: 30-42. 45 Liu L J,Wu Y S,Yang H J,Riding R.2016a. Ordovician calcified cyanobacteria and associated microfossils from the Tarim Basin,Northwest China: Systematics and significance. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 14(3): 183-210. 46 Liu L J,Wu Y S,Jiang H X,Riding R.2016b. Calcified rivulariaceans from the Ordovician of the Tarim Basin,Northwest China,Phanerozoic lagoonal examples,and possible controlling factors. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 448: 371-381. 47 Liu L J,Wu Y S,Jiang H X,Wu N Q,Jia L Q.2017. Paleoenvironmental distribution of Ordovician calcimicrobial associations in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China. Palaios, 32: 462-489. 48 Liu W,Zhang X L.2012. Girvanella-coated grains from Cambrian oolitic limestone. Facies, 58: 779-787. 49 Lozano R P,Delvene G,Piñuela L,García-Ramos J C.2016. Late Jurassic biogeochemical microenvironments associated with microbialite-coated unionids(Bivalvia),Asturias(N Spain). Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 443: 80-97. 50 McKenzie N R,Hughes N C,Myrow P M,Choi D K,Park T-Y.2011. Trilobites and zircons link north China with the eastern Himalaya during the Cambrian. Geology, 39: 591-594. 51 Mei M X,Gao J H.2012. Giant Induan oolite: A case study from the Lower Triassic Daye Formation in the western Hubei Province,South China. Geoscience Frontiers, 3: 843-851. 52 Meng X H,Ge M,Tucker M E.1997. Sequence stratigraphy,sea-level changes and depositional systems in the Cambro-Ordovician of the North China carbonate platform. Sedimentary Geology, 114: 189-222. 53 Mata S A,Harwood C L,Corsetti F A,Stork N J,Eilers K,Berelson W M,Spear J R.2012. Influence of gas production and filament orientation onstromatolite microfabric. Palaios, 27: 206-219. 54 Pederson C L,Mcneill D F,Klaus J S,Swart P K.2015. Deposition and diagenesis of marine oncoids: Implications for development of carbonate porosity. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 85: 1323-1333. 55 Peng S C,Babcock L E,Cooper R A.2012. The Cambrian Period(Chapter 19). In: Gradstein F M,Ogg J G,Schmitz M D,Ogg G M. The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Amsterdam: Elsevier,437-488. 56 Pepe-Ranney C,Berelson W M,Corsetti F A,Treants M,Spear J R.2012. Cyanobacterial construction of hot spring siliceous stromatolites in Yellow stone National Park. Environmental Microbiology, 14: 1182-1197. 57 Peters S E,Gaines R R.2012. Formation of the‘Great Unconformity’ as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion. Nature, 484: 363-366. 58 Peters S E,Husson J M,Wilcots J.2017. The rise and fall of stromatolites in shallow marine environments. Geology, 45: 487-490. 59 Pretković V,Braga J C,Novak V,Rösler A,Renema W.2016. Microbial domes and megaoncoids in Miocene reefs in the Mahakam Delta in East Kalimantan,Indonesia. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 449: 236-245. 60 Rickard D,Mussmann M,Steadman J A.2017. Sedimentary sulfides. Elements, 13: 119-124. 61 Riding R.1991. Calcified cyanobacteria. In: Riding R. Calcareous Algae and Stromatolites. Berlin: Springer,55-87. 62 Riding R.2000. Microbial carbonates: The geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology,47(Supplement 1): 179-214. 63 Riding R.2011a. The nature of stromatolites: 3,500 million years of history and a century of research. In: Reitner J,Quéric Nadia-Valérie,Arp G(eds). Advances in Stromatolite Geobiology,Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 131. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,29-76. 64 Riding R.2011b. Calcified cyanobacteria. In: Reitner J,Thiel V. Encyclopedia of Geobiology. Berlin: Springer,211-223. 65 Schlagintweit F,Bover-Arnal T.2013. Remarks on Bacinella Radoicic,1959(type species B. irregularis)and its representatives. Facies, 59: 59-73. 66 Stal L J.2012. Cyanobacterial mats and stromatolites. In: Whitton B A. Ecology of Cyanobacteria Ⅱ: Their Diversity in Space and Time. Netherlands: Springer,65-125. 67 Tourney J,Ngwenya B T.2014. The role of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances in geomicrobiology. Chemical Geology, 386: 115-132. 68 Tucker M E,Wright V P.1990. Carbonate Sedimentology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication,1-447. 69 Védrine S,Strasser A,Hug W.2007. Oncoid growth and distribution controlled by sea-level fluctuations and climate(Late Oxfordian,Swiss Jura Mountains). Facies, 53: 535-552. 70 Whitton B A,Mateo P.2012. Rivulariaceae. In: Whitton B A. Ecology of Cyanobacteria Ⅱ: Their Diversity in Space and Time. Netherlands: Springer,561-591. 71 Wilmeth D T,Corsetti F A,Bisenic N,Dornbos S Q,Oji T,Gonchigdorj S.2015. Punctuated growth of microbial cones within Early Cambrian oncoids,Bayan Gol Formation,western Mongolia. Palaios, 30: 836-845. 72 Yang Z,Otofuji Y-I,Sun Z,Huang B.2002. Magnetostratigraphic constraints on the Gondwanan origin of North China: Cambrian/Ordovician boundary results. Geophysics Journal of International, 151: 1-10. 73 Zaton M,Kremer B,Maryknowski L,Wilson M A,Krawczynski W.2012. Middle Jurassic(Bathonian)encrusted oncoids from the Polish Jura,southern Poland. Facies, 58: 57-77.
