Tempestite sequence of carbonate rocks of the Wumishan Formation in Zhoukoudian area,Beijing
RAN Zongyuan1, XIAO Qian1, SHE Zhenbing1,2, WANG Guoqing1
1 School of Earth Sciences,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan),Wuhan 430074, China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430070, China
Abstract：The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation is widely exposed in the Zhoukoudian area,Beijing. It mainly comprises of dolostones with abundant siliceous bands and intraclasts. The irregular shape of these intraclasts suggests that they were strongly deformed before deposition. Its genesis remains controversial,though they were interpreted as dewatering or scouring structures,seismites,or storm-related deposits(tempestites). Here we present results of detailed sedimentological studies on the Wumishan Formation in the Hengshunchang section located in the Zhoukoudian area. Based on systematic analysis of lithology and sedimentary structures,we interpret the studied unit as a typical carbonate tempestite sequence. Sedimentary cycles in the sequence can be divided into five units(A to E)from bottom to top. Unit A consists of a medium- to thick-layered dolo mudstone,as fair-weather deposits before the storm. Unit B is characterized by scouring surface with gutter casts and siliceous intraclasts,representing the product of storm surge. Unit C is composed of gray-banded siliceous dolostones,with continuous siliceous strips and well-developed parallel and cross beddings(including wavy cross bedding,hummocky and swaley cross stratification)that imply deposition during the storm attenuation period. Unit D is a gray-white,thin-layered dolo mudstone,interpreted as post-storm deposits. Unit E consists of dolostones with siliceous nodules,likely formed by local disturbance of seawater in fair-weather conditions. This distinct sedimentary sequence,combined with conspicuous scouring bottom surface,high content and extremely disorganized intraclasts,suggests that the Hengshunchang section represent an in situ tempestite and the study area was located near the tropics in the Mesoproterozoic period. At that time,the surface seawater temperature was likely relatively high. Tropical cyclones were prone to occur,which may have triggered frequent storm surges and eventually typical storm deposits formed at the Hengshunchang section. The research results not only supply the storm sedimentary records of the Wumishan Formation in Yanshan area,but also provide important sedimentological evidence for the paleogeography,paleolatitude and paleoclimate of North China plate in this period.
RAN Zongyuan,XIAO Qian,SHE Zhenbing et al. Tempestite sequence of carbonate rocks of the Wumishan Formation in Zhoukoudian area,Beijing[J]. JOPC, 2022, 24(4): 634-648.
[1] 白万备,李建厚,孙长彦,王敏. 2011. 碳酸盐风暴沉积研究现状与进展. 河南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 30(4): 426-432. [Bai W B,Li J H,Sun C Y,Wang M.2011. The present situation and advance in carbonate storm deposits study. Journal of Henan Polytechnic University(Natural Science), 30(4): 426-432] [2] 蔡全升,陈孝红,周鹏,危凯,李炎桂. 2020. 峡东地区震旦纪最早期风暴沉积记录及其地质意义. 沉积学报, 38(1): 182-195. [Cai Q S,Chen X H,Zhou P,Wei K,Li Y G.2020. Early Sinian storm deposit in the Eastern Yangtze Gorges area and their geological significance. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 38(1): 182-195] [3] 杜远生,韩欣. 2000. 滇中中元古代昆阳群因民组碎屑风暴岩及其意义. 沉积学报, 18(2): 259-262. [Du Y S,Han X.2000. Clastic tempestite and its significance in Yinmin Formation,Kunyang Group(Mesoproterozoic)in Central Yunnan Province. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 18(2): 259-262] [4] 贾雨东,王德海,王新宇,巴燕·夏木提汗,郭忆茹. 2020. 天津蓟州雾迷山组与洪水庄组沉积环境与地球化学特征. 世界地质, 39(3): 569-577. [Jia Y D,Wang D H,Wang X Y,Bayan X,Guo Y R.2020. Sedimentary environment and geochemical features of Wumishan and Hongshuizhuang formations in Jizhou,Tianjin. Global Geology, 39(3): 569-577] [5] 旷红伟,彭楠,罗顺社,岑超,李家华,陈铭培. 2009. 燕山中东部凌源地区雾迷山组MT构造的发现、地质特征和研究意义. 自然科学进展, 19(12): 1308-1318. [Kuang H W,Peng N,Luo S S,Cen C,Li J H,Chen M P.2009. Molar-tooth structure from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in Lingyuan,Yanshan region,North China,and geological implications. Progress in Natural Science, 19(12): 1308-1318] [6] 李浩. 1991. 西沙群岛现代滨岸的风暴沉积. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 11(1): 83-91. [Li H.1991. Modern coastal storm deposits in the Xisha islands. Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology, 11(1): 83-91] [7] 李怀坤,苏文博,周红英,相振群,田辉,杨立公. 2014. 中─新元古界标准剖面蓟县系首获高精度年龄制约: 蓟县剖面雾迷山组和铁岭组斑脱岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素定年研究. 岩石学报, 30(10): 2999-3012. [Li H K,Su W B,Zhou H Y,Xiang Z Q,Tian H,Yang L G.2014. The first precise age constraints on the Jixian System of the Meso- to Neoproterozoic standard section of China: SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of bentonites from the Wumishan and Tieling formations in the Jixian section,North China Craton. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(10): 2999-3012] [8] 李向东. 2020. 丘状和似丘状交错层理成因机制研究进展. 古地理学报, 22(6): 1065-1080. [Li X D.2020. Advances in genetic mechanism research on hummocky and hummocky-like cross-stratifications. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 22(6): 1065-1080] [9] 梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,赵崇贺,陈逵刚,巩海波. 2009. 北京房山世界地质公园中元古界雾迷山组地震—海啸序列及地质特征: 以野三坡园区为例. 地质通报, 28(1): 30-37. [Liang D Y,Nie Z T,Song Z M,Zhao C H,Chen K G,Gong H B.2009. Seismic-tsunami sequence and its geological features of Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in Fangshan Global Geopark,Beijing,China: a case study on Yesanpo scenic district. Geological Bulletin of China, 28(1): 30-37] [10] 刘宝珺,许效松,罗安屏,康承林. 1987. 中国扬子地台西缘寒武纪风暴事件与磷矿沉积. 沉积学报, 5(3): 28-39. [Liu B J,Xu X S,Luo A P,Kang C L.1987. Storm Events and Phosphate Deposition in Cambrian on the Western margin of the Yangtze Platform,China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 5(3): 28-39] [11] 刘自亮,邓昆,施泽进,田亚铭,王勇,沈芳,谭谦,龚晓星. 2020. 四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组浅水碳酸盐岩台地沉积相特征及模式. 古地理学报, 22(3): 504-522. [Liu Z L,Deng K,Shi Z J,Tian Y M,Wang Y,Shen F,Tan Q,Gong X X.2020. Sedimentary facies and models of shallow water carbonate platform of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Sichuan Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 22(3): 504-522] [12] 罗军梅,罗顺社,朱俊强,董文艺. 2015. 燕山地区中新元古界高于庄组和雾迷山组风暴沉积特征分析. 沉积与特提斯地质, 35(2): 29-34. [Luo J M,Luo S S,Zhu J Q,Dong W Y.2015. The storm deposits from the Meso- to Neoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang and Wumishan Formations in the Yanshan region,northern China. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 35(2): 29-34] [13] 师庆民,冯乐,窦鲁星,刘绍莉,江煜波,孙晓倩. 2013. 基于驻波理论解释丘状交错层理: 以徐州地区贾园组风暴沉积为例. 沉积学报, 31(6): 1008-1013. [Shi Q M,Feng L,Dou L X,Liu S L,Jiang Y B,Sun X Q.2013. Explaining hummocky cross-stratification based on the theory of standing wave: a case from Jiayuan Group storm deposits in Xuzhou. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 31(6): 1008-1013] [14] 宋金民,罗平,刘树根,杨迪,王鑫,李朋威. 2014. 塔里木盆地苏盖特布拉克地区下寒武统风暴岩及其地质意义. 地学前缘, 21(6): 346-355. [Song J M,Luo P,Liu S G,Yang D,Wang X,Li P W.2014. Lower Cambrian tempestites and their geological significances in Sugaitblak area,Tarim Basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 21(6): 346-355] [15] 苏德辰,孙爱萍. 2011. 北京永定河谷中元古界雾迷山组软沉积物变形与古地震发生频率. 古地理学报, 13(6): 591-614. [Su D C,Sun A P.2011. Soft-sediment deformation and occurrence frequency of palaeoearthquake in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,Yongding River Valley,Beijing. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 13(6): 591-614] [16] 孙龙飞,汤冬杰,周利敏,方浩,吴孟亭,郭华,周锡强,邹佳男,史晓颖. 2020. 华北地台中元古界雾迷山组浅海脉冲式增氧. 古地理学报, 22(6): 1181-1196. [Sun L F,Tang D J,Zhou L M,Fang H,Wu M T,Guo H,Zhou X Q,Zou J N,Shi X Y.2020. A pulsed oxygenation in shallow seawater recorded by the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,North China Platform. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 22(6): 1181-1196] [17] 童金南,徐冉,袁晏明. 2013. 北京周口店地区岩石地层及沉积序列和沉积环境恢复. 地球科学与环境学报, 35(1): 15-23. [Tong J N,Xu R,Yuan Y M.2013. Lithostratigraphy and reconstruction of sedimentary sequence and environment in Zhoukoudian area of Beijing. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 35(1): 15-23] [18] 王鸿祯,楚旭春,刘本培,侯鸿飞,马丽芳. 1985. 中国古地理图集. 北京: 地图出版社. [Wang H Z,Chu X C,Liu B P,Hou H F,Ma L F.1985. Atlas of the Palaeogeography of China. Beijing: Cartographic Publishing House] [19] 谢庆宾,朱筱敏,胡庆喜,陈方鸿,王贵文. 1997. 北京西山地区雾迷山组风暴硅质岩沉积序列. 沉积学报, 17(3): 37-40. [Xie Q B,Zhu X M,Hu Q X,Chen F H,Wang G W.1997. Depositional sequence of storm siliceous rock in Wumishan Formation,West Mountain,Beijing,China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 17(3): 37-40] [20] 许安涛,李凤杰,刘奎,向鹏飞,赵晨圆,胡鹏. 2018. 北川甘溪下泥盆统风暴岩沉积特征及其沉积模式. 中国地质, 45(5): 1049-1061. [Xu A T,Li F J,Liu K,Xiang P F,Zhao C Y,Hu P.2018. The characteristics and sedimentary model of storm deposits in the Lower Devonian strata of Beichuan. Geology in China, 45(5): 1049-1061] [21] 张传恒,武振杰,高林志,王巍,田彦林,马超. 2007. 华北中元古界雾迷山组地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义. 中国科学(D辑), 37(3): 336-343. [Zhang C H,Wu Z J,Gao L Z,Wang W,Tian Y L.2007. Earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,North China,and their geologic implications. Science in China(Series D), 37(3): 336-343] [22] 张文龙,崔晓鹏. 2013. 热带气旋生成问题研究综述. 热带气象学报, 29(2): 337-346. [Zhang W L,Cui X P.2013. Review of the studies on tropical cyclone genesis. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 29(2): 337-346] [23] 赵温霞. 2003. 周口店地质及野外地质工作方法与高新技术应用. 武汉: 中国地质大学出版社. [Zhao W X.2003. Zhoukoudian Geology of Zhoukoudian Area and Field Geology Work Methods and High-tech Applications of New Technologies. Wuhan: China University of Geoscience Press] [24] 钟建华,倪良田,邵珠福,李勇,刘选,毛毳,刘圣鑫,孙宁亮,陈彬,王凯,罗可,王韶洁,刘闯,刘宝,熊志强. 2016. 青岛灵山岛下白垩统风暴岩与风暴沉积的发现及意义. 古地理学报, 18(3): 381-398. [Zhong J H,Ni L T,Shao Z F,Li Y,Liu X,Mao C,Liu S X,Sun N L,Chen B,Wang K,Luo K,Wang S J,Liu C,Liu B,Xiong Z Q.2016. Tempestites and storm deposits in the Lower Cretaceous from Lingshan Island,Qingdao. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(3): 381-398] [25] 周丽清,邵德艳. 1994. 北京十三陵中元古界蓟县系雾迷山组原地风暴沉积的砾屑体. 沉积学报, 12(2): 72-76. [Zhou L Q,Shao D Y.1994. The autochthonous storm deposited rudite bodies of Wumishan Formation,Jixian System,Middle Proterozoic,the Ming Tombs District,Beijing,China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 12(2): 72-76] [26] 邹光均,梁恩云,张晓阳,李纲,凌跃新. 2018. 湘西松柏场地区寒武系车夫组风暴岩的沉积特征及其地质意义. 地层学杂志, 42(4): 499-509. [Zou G J,Liang E Y,Zhang X Y,Li G,Ling Y X.2018. Tempestite in the Cambrian Chefu Formation in the Songbaichang area of northwestern Hunan Province. Journal of Stratigraphy, 42(4): 499-509] [27] Aigner T.1982. Calcareous tempestite: Storm-dominated stratification in Upper Muschelkalk Limestone(Middle Trias,SW Germany). In: Seilacher E(eds). Cyclic and Event Stratification. Berlin,Heidelberg: Springer,180-198. [28] Ball M M,Shinn E A.1967. The effects of hurricane donna in South Florida. Journal of Geology, 75: 583-597. [29] Callahan G,Johnson M E,Guardado-France R,Ledesma-Vázquez J.2021. Upper Pleistocene and Holocene storm deposits eroded from the granodiorite coast on Isla San Diego(Baja California Sur,Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering,9,555. [30] Cawood P A,Zhao G C,Yao J L,Wang W,Xu Y J,Wang Y J.2018. Reconstructing South China in Phanerozoic and Precambrian supercontinents. Earth Science Reviews, 186: 173-194. [31] Chakraborty P P,Sarkar A,Das K,Das P.2009. Alluvial fan to storm-dominated shelf transition in the Mesoproterozoic Singhora Group,Chattisgarh Supergroup,Central India. Precambrian Research, 170(1-2): 88-106. [32] Chaudhuri A K.2005. Climbing ripple structure and associated storm-lamination from a Proterozoic carbonate platform succession: their environmental and petrogenetic significance. Journal of Earth System Science, 114(3): 199-209. [33] Dott R H,Bourgeois J.1982. Hummocky stratification: significance of variable bedding sequences. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 93(8): 663-680. [34] Dumas S,Arnott R W C.2006. Origin of hummocky and swaley cross-stratification: the controlling influence of unidirectional current strength and aggradation rate. Geology, 34(12): 1073-1076. [35] Dunkerton T J,Montgomery M T,Wang Z.2009. Tropical cyclogenesis in a tropical wave critical layer: easterly waves. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 9(15): 5587-5646. [36] Ettensohn F R,Zhang C,Gao L,Lierman R T.2011. Soft-sediment deformation in epicontinental carbonates as evidence of paleoseismicity with evidence for a possible new seismogenic indicator: accordion folds. Sedimentary Geology, 235(3-4): 222-233. [37] Ferronatto J P F,Scherer C M S,Drago G B,Rodrigues A G,Souza E G,Reis A D,Bállico M B,Kifumbi C,Cazarin C L.2021. Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation in a Mesoproterozoic storm-dominated ramp: depositional processes and stromatolite development. Precambrian Research,361,106240. [38] Harms J C,Southard J B,Spearing D R.1975. Depositional environments as interpreted from primary sedimentary structures and stratification sequences. Economic Paleontologists Mineralogist Short Course Notes, 2: 5-43. [39] Huang X G,Zhu S M,He Y Z.2001. Some basic problems in research on sequence stratigraphy of the Meso- and Neoproterozoic strata in Jixian area. Progress In Precambrian Research, 24(4): 201-221. [40] Jelby M E,Grundvg S,Helland-Hansen W,Olaussen S,Stemmerik L.2020. Tempestite facies variability and storm-depositional processes across a wide ramp: towards a polygenetic model for hummocky cross-stratification. Sedimentology, 67(2): 742-781. [41] Kelling G,Mullin P R.1975. Graded limestones and limestone-quartzite couplets: possible storm-deposits from the Moroccan Carboniferous. Sedimentary Geology, 13(3): 161-190. [42] Lan Z W,Chen Z Q.2012. Megaripples from the Mesoproterozoic of the Kimberley region,northwestern Australia and its geological implications. Journal of Palaeogeography, 1(1): 15-25. [43] Liu X,Zhong J H,Grapes R,Bian S H,Liang C.2012. Late Cretaceous tempestite in northern Songliao Basin,China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 56(3): 33-41. [44] Mckee E D.1959. Storm sediments on a Pacific atoll. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 29(3): 354-364. [45] Medig K R P,Turner E C,Thorkelson D J,Rainbird R H.2016. Rifting of Columbia form a deep-water siliciclastic to carbonate succession: the Mesoproterozoic Pinguicula Group of northern Yukon,Canada. Precambrian Research, 278: 179-206. [46] Myrow P M,Southard J B.1996. Tempestite deposition. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66: 875-887. [47] Pérez-López A,Pérez-Valera F.2012. Tempestite facies models for the epicontinental Triassic carbonates of the Betic Cordillera(southern Spain). Sedimentology, 59(2): 646-678. [48] Pisarevsky S A,Elming S,Pesonen L J,Zheng X L.2014. Mesoproterozoic paleogeography: supercontinent and beyond. Precambrian Research, 244: 207-225. [49] Pratt B R.2001. Oceanography,bathymetry and syndepositional tectonics of a Precambrian intracratonic basin: integrating sediments,storms,earthquakes and tsunamis in the Belt Supergroup(Helena Formation,ca. 1.45 Ga),western North America. Sedimentary Geology, 141: 371-394. [50] Quin J M.2011. Is most hummocky cross-stratification formed by large scale ripples?Sedimentology, 58(6): 1414-1433. [51] Robert H,Dott J R.1983. Episodic sedimentation: how normal is average?how rare is rare?does it matter?AAPG Bulletin, 53(1): 5-23. [52] Santos M N,Chemale F,Dussin I A,Martins M S,Queiroga G,Pinto R T R,Santos A N,Armstrong R.2015. Provenance and paleogeographic reconstruction of a Mesoproterozoic intracratonic sag basin(Upper Espinhao Basin,Brazil). Sedimentary Geology, 318: 40-57. [53] Sarkar S,Banerjee S,Chakraborty S,Bose P K.2002. Shelf storm flow dynamics: insight from the Mesoproterozoic Rampur Shale,central India. Sedimentary Geology, 147(1): 89-104. [54] Shen B,Ma H R,Ye H Q,Lang X G,Pei H X,Zhou C M,Zhang S H,Yang R Y.2018. Hydrothermal origin of syndepositional chert bands and nodules in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation: implications for the evolution of Mesoproterozoic cratonic basin,North China. Precambrian Research, 310: 213-228. [55] Sherman A G,Narbonne G M,James N P.2001. Anatomy of a cyclically packaged Mesoproterozoic carbonate ramp in northern Canada. Sedimentary Geology, 139(3-4): 171-203. [56] van Loon A J,Su D C.2013. Deformed stromatolites in marbles of the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation as evidence for synsedimentary seismic activity. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2(4): 390-401. [57] Wang J H,Jiang Z X,Zhang Y F,Wei X J,Wang H,Liu S Q.2016. Quantitative evaluation of the reservoir potential and controlling factors of semi-deep lacustrine tempestites in the Eocene Lijin Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin,East China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 77: 262-279. [58] Wang J H,La Croix A D,Wang H,Guo F Y,Ren B Z.2019. Linkage between calcirudite lithofacies and storm-generated depositional processes in the Upper Cambrian Series,Shandong Province,eastern China. Sedimentary Geology, 391: 105518. [59] Xiao Q,She Z B,Wang G Q,Li Y J,Ouyang G,Cao K N.2020. Terminal Ediacaran carbonate tempestites in the eastern Yangtze Gorges area,South China. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 547: 109681. [60] Xu H J,Song Y R,Ye K,Zhang J F,Wang H R.2012. Petrogenesis of mafic dykes and high-Mg adakitic enclaves in the Late Mesozoic Fangshan low-Mg adakitic pluton,North China Craton. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 54-55: 143-161.
